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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface and Acknowledgements
Source Citation Conventions
Abbreviations
Part I: Contexts
Chapter 1: Exploring Anglo-Saxon Landscapes
History, Geography, and Place Names
The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Settlements before the 1990s
Gathering Knowledge: Academic Research, Contract Archaeology, and the Present Project
Archaeology, History, Ethnography, and Reality
The Scope and Themes of the Present Study
Chapter 2: Defining Anglo-Saxon Landscapes
Geography, Environment, and Older Human Landscapes
Regional Diversity in Settlement and Material Culture
Looking Westward: British, Irish, and Pictish Contexts for English Building Culture
Looking Eastward: Scandinavian, Frisian, and Frankish Contexts for English Building Culture
Self-Shaping
Visible and Invisible Building Cultures: What Did Houses Really Look Like?
In the Glare of the Headlamps: Pottery, Wooden Vessels, and the Distortions of Survival
Order in the Built Environment: Monuments, Planning, and Linear Modules
A Regional Framework for This Book
A Chronological Framework for This Book
Chapter 3: Landscapes of the Mind: The Built Environment in the Anglo-Saxon Consciousness
Houses for Immortals: Unseen Residents in a Conceptual Landscape
Houses for the Living: Life Cycles in Timber and the Transience of Earthly Dwellings
Living with the Supernatural: Ritual Space in the Homestead
Houses for Eternity: Monumentalising the Sacred in the Landscape
A Mediterranean Religion in a Northern World: Two Cultures or One?
Earth Moving and Ideology
Part II: The First Transformation, circa 600–700
Chapter 4: Landscapes of Power and Wealth
Centres and Peripheries: Royal Residence and Recreation
The Mobile Environment of Royal Life
The Background and Context of Seventh-Century Elite Sites
The Great Hall Complexes: A Mode of Ostentatious Display
The Great Hall Complexes: Local Territorial Contexts
The Monasticisation of Royal Sites and the Era of Monastic Supremacy
Retrospect: Gain and Loss in an Age of Transformations
Chapter 5: The Construction of Settlement: Rural and Commercial Spaces
‘Wandering Settlement’ or ‘Static Development’? Form and Regionality in English Settlements before 650
Circular Space: Concentrically Defined Zones and Radial Planning in the Insular Tradition
Rectilinear Space: Gromatic Surveying and Grid-Planning
The Seventh-Century Settlement Revolution: Organisation and Enclosure
Grid-Planning in East Midland Settlements: The Diffusion of a Monastic Mode?
Outside the Eastern Zone
Urbanism in a Nonurban World: Holy Cities and Commercial Cities
The Major Emporia before 700
Why Did So Much Change in the Seventh Century?
Part III: Consolidation, circa 700–920
Chapter 6: Landscape Organisation and Economy in the Mercian Age
Mercian Geopolitics
Royal Ambitions and Monastic Assets: Compromise, Reform, and Predation in the Age of King Æthelbald
Infrastructure: Linear Earthworks
Infrastructure: Bridges
Infrastructure: Forts
Functional Place Names in -tūn: A World of Central Clusters, Not Complex Centres
Mercian Centres and burh-tūnas: Eight Case Studies
Mercian Territorial Organisation: Routes, Frontiers, and the Control of Kent
Parallel Arrangements in Wessex
Parallel Arrangements in Northumbria
The Fruits of a Developed Infrastructure: Mercia’s Golden Age, 780–820
Trauma and Legacy
Chapter 7: Defence, Industry, and Commerce: From Central Clusters to Complex Centres
The ‘Burghal’ Problem: The Tyranny of a Construct
Reoccupied Iron Age Forts and Roman Towns
Minsters as Strongholds
Minor Earthwork Enclosures
Major Formally Planned Defended Sites
Intensification at the Grass Roots: Production, Processing, and Manufacture in the Rural Landscape
Varieties of wīc: The Emporia and Beyond
Centres and wīc-type Peripheries in Polyfocal Clusters: Two Alternative Outcomes
Towards Urban Industries
A Precocious Urban Axis: London, Rochester, and Canterbury
Regrouping and Concentration, circa 850–920
Continuities: Trade, Production, and the Vikings
Chapter 8: Rural Settlement and the ‘Making of the English Village’
Continuities and the Later Ninth Century: Rural Settlement Submerged?
The Components of Settlement: Buildings, Groups of Buildings, and the Elusiveness of Great Halls
Rural Settlements, circa 700–920: The Evidence
Interpreting Semi-Nucleations: Settlement Structure in an ‘Infield-Outfield’ Economy
Evolution or Design? Lordly and Spiritual Power within the Village
Who Were the People?
Spanning the ‘Viking Age’
Part IV: The Second Transformation, 920–1000
Chapter 9: Growth and Reconstruction: The Human Landscape Remodelled
Intensification at All Levels: The Mid-Tenth-Century Watershed
Gridded and Non-Gridded Settlements in the Eastern Zone and Beyond
Spreading Southwestward: The Expanding Zone of Visible Settlement
Arable Intensification, Open Fields, and the Shift to Heavier Soils
Countryside and Town: A New Dichotomy
Major Urban Places: The Formation of Townscapes and the Definition of House Plots
Minor Urban Places: The Enduring Substratum of Markets and Minsters
Chapter 10: Free Farmers and Emergent Lords: Towards the Manorial Landscape
Contexts
Differentiation and Complexity in Houses
Differentiation and Complexity in Domestic Compounds
Coexistent Halls: The Relatives Next Door?
Boundaries, Enclosures, and Gates: The ‘Burhgeat’ Problem Revisited
Churches
Who Was Then the Gentleman?
Part V: Beyond Anglo-Saxon Landscapes
Chapter 11: The Eleventh Century: A New Built Environment
Communications
Towns
Earthwork Castles
Stone Castles
Manors and Manor-Houses
Churches and the ‘Romanesque Revolution’
Moving Business Indoors
Rural Communities and Settlements
Chapter 12: Conclusion
Bibliography
Illustration Sources and Credits
Index
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