Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research by Creswell, John W. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Dedication Title Copyright Brief Contents Detailed Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Purpose of the Book Audience for the Book Book Features New Features Added to the Second Edition Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1. The Nature of Mixed Methods Research

Defining Mixed Methods Research Examples of Mixed Methods Studies What Research Problems Fit Mixed Methods?

A Need Exists Because One Data Source May Be Insufficient A Need Exists to Explain Initial Results A Need Exists to Generalize Exploratory Findings A Need Exists to Enhance a Study With a Second Method A Need Exists to Best Employ a Theoretical Stance A Need Exists to Understand a Research Objective Through Multiple Research Phases

What Are the Advantages of Using Mixed Methods? What Are the Challenges in Using Mixed Methods?

The Question of Skills The Question of Time and Resources The Question of Convincing Others

Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 2. The Foundations of Mixed Methods Research

Historical Foundations

When Did Mixed Methods Begin? Why Mixed Methods Emerged The Development of the Name Stages in the Evolution of Mixed Methods

Formative period Paradigm debate period Procedural development period Advocacy and expansion period Reflective period

Philosophical Foundations

Philosophy and Worldviews Worldviews Applied to Mixed Methods

One “best” worldview for mixed methods Multiple worldviews in mixed methods Worldviews relate to the type of mixed methods design Worldviews depend on the scholarly community

Theoretical Foundations Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 3. Choosing a Mixed Methods Design

Principles for Designing a Mixed Methods Study

Recognize That Mixed Methods Designs Can Be Fixed and/or Emergent Identify an Approach to Design Match the Design to the Research Problem, Purpose, and Questions Be Explicit About the Reasons for Mixing Methods

Key Decisions in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design

Determine the Level of Interaction Between the Quantitative and Qualitative Strands Determine the Priority of the Quantitative and Qualitative Strands Determine the Timing of the Quantitative and Qualitative Strands Determine Where and How to Mix the Quantitative and Qualitative Strands

The Major Mixed Methods Designs

Prototypes of the Major Designs The Convergent Parallel Design

The purpose of the convergent design When to choose the convergent design Philosophical assumptions behind the convergent design The convergent design procedures Strengths of the convergent design Challenges in using the convergent design Convergent design variants

The Explanatory Sequential Design

The purpose of the explanatory design When to choose the explanatory design Philosophical assumptions behind the explanatory design The explanatory design procedures Strengths of the explanatory design Challenges in using the explanatory design Explanatory design variants

The Exploratory Sequential Design

The purpose of the exploratory design When to choose the exploratory design Philosophical assumptions behind the exploratory design The exploratory design procedures Strengths of the exploratory design Challenges in using the exploratory design Exploratory design variants

The Embedded Design

The purpose of the embedded design When to choose the embedded design Philosophical assumptions behind the embedded design The embedded design procedures Strengths of the embedded design Challenges in using the embedded design Embedded design variants

The Transformative Design

The purpose of the transformative design When to choose the transformative design Philosophical assumptions behind the transformative design The transformative design procedures Strengths of the transformative design Challenges in using the transformative design Transformative design variants

The Multiphase Design

The purpose of the multiphase design When to choose the multiphase design Philosophical assumptions behind the multiphase design The multiphase design procedures Strengths of the multiphase design Challenges in using the multiphase design Multiphase design variants

A Model for Describing a Design in a Written Report Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 4. Examples of Mixed Methods Designs

Learning From Examples of Mixed Methods Research Using Tools to Describe Mixed Methods Designs

A Notation System Procedural Diagrams

Examining the Design Features of Mixed Methods Studies Six Examples of Mixed Methods Designs

Study A: An Example of the Convergent Parallel Design (Wittink, Barg, & Gallo, 2006) Study B: An Example of the Explanatory Sequential Design (Ivankova & Stick, 2007) Study C: An Example of the Exploratory Sequential Design (Myers & Oetzel, 2003) Study D: An Example of the Embedded Design (Brady & O’Regan, 2009) Study E: An Example of the Transformative Design (Hodgkin, 2008) Study F: An Example of the Multiphase Design (Nastasi et al., 2007)

Similarities and Differences Among the Sample Studies Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 5. Introducing a Mixed Methods Study

Writing a Mixed Methods Title

Qualitative and Quantitative Titles Mixed Methods Titles

Stating the Research Problem in the Introduction

Topics in a Statement of the Problem Section Integrate Mixed Methods Into the Statement of the Problem

Developing the Purpose Statement

Qualitative and Quantitative Purpose Statements Mixed Methods Purpose Statements

Writing Research Questions and Hypotheses

Qualitative Questions and Quantitative Questions and Hypotheses Mixed Methods Research Questions

Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 6. Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research

Procedures in Collecting Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Using Sampling Procedures Gaining Permissions Collecting Information Recording the Data Administering the Procedures

Data Collection in Mixed Methods

Convergent Design

Decide whether the two samples will include different or the same individuals Decide whether the size of the two samples will be the same or different Decide to design parallel data collection questions Decide if the data will be collected on two, independent sources or a single source

Explanatory Design

Decide whether to use the same or different individuals in both samples Decide on the sizes for the two samples Decide what quantitative results to follow up Decide how to select the best participants for the qualitative follow-up phase Decide how to describe the emerging follow-up phase for institutional review board approval

Exploratory Design

Decide who and how many individuals to include in the sample for the quantitative phase Decide how to describe the emerging follow-up phase for institutional review board approval Decide what aspects of the qualitative results to use to inform the quantitative data collection Decide what steps to take in developing a good quantitative instrument Decide how to convey the instrument development component in a procedural diagram

Embedded Design

Decide the reason and timing for embedding a second type of data within a larger design Decide whether the issue of introducing bias within an embedded experiment is a concern Decide what approach will provide the design or procedure for collecting quantitative and qualitative data Decide what data collection issues can be anticipated within the chosen design or procedure

Transformative Design

Decide how best to refer to and interact with participants Decide what sampling strategies will promote inclusiveness Decide how to actively involve participants in the data collection process Decide to use instruments that are sensitive to the cultural context of the group being studied Decide how the data collection process and outcomes will benefit the community being studied

Multiphase Design

Decide to use multiple sampling strategies Decide how to sample and collect data for each phase Decide how to handle measurement and attrition issues Decide on the programmatic thrust to provide the framework for the multiphase projects

Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 7. Analyzing and Interpreting Data in Mixed Methods Research

The Basics of Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation

Preparing the Data for Analysis Exploring the Data Analyzing the Data Representing the Data Analysis Interpreting the Results Validating the Data and Results

Data Analysis and Interpretation Within Mixed Methods Designs

Steps and Key Decisions in Data Analysis for Each Mixed Methods Design Decisions for Merged Data Analysis in a Concurrent Approach

Strategies for comparing results Strategies for interpreting merged results and reconciling differences

Decisions for Connected Data Analysis in a Sequential Approach

Strategies for connected data analysis Strategies for interpreting connected results

Validation and Mixed Methods Designs Software Applications and Mixed Methods Data Analysis Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 8. Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research

General Guidelines for Writing Relate the Structure to the Mixed Methods Design

Structure of a Proposal for a Mixed Methods Dissertation or Thesis Structure of a Mixed Methods Dissertation or Thesis Structure for a National Institutes of Health Proposal Structure of a Mixed Methods Journal Article

Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study

Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Criteria Mixed Methods Evaluation Criteria

Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Chapter 9. Summary and Recommendations

On Writing a Methodological Paper On Defining Mixed Methods On Using Terms On Using Philosophy On Designing Procedures On the Value Added by Mixed Methods Summary Activities Additional Resources to Examine

Appendix A: An Example of the Convergent Parallel Design (Wittink, Barg, & Gallo, 2006) Appendix B: An Example of the Explanatory Sequential Design (Ivankova & Stick, 2007) Appendix C: An Example of the Exploratory Sequential Design (Myers & Oetzel, 2003) Appendix D: An Example of the Embedded Design (Brady & O’Regan, 2009) Appendix E: An Example of the Transformative Design (Hodgkin, 2008) Appendix F: An Example of the Multiphase Design (Nastasi et al., 2007) Glossary References Author Index Subject Index

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