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Index
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgements
1 Nouns
Gender
1.1 General exercise (1) 1
1.2 General exercise (2) 1
1.3 Masculine and feminine pairs 1/2
1.4 Words with two genders (1) 1
1.5 Words with two genders (2) 2/3
1.6 Nouns ending in -ma 2/3
1.7 Nouns ending in -is 2/3
1.8 Words ending in -e 2
1.9 Gender of compound nouns 2/3
Number
1.10 Plural formation 1/2
1.11 Agreement of the verb 2
1.12 Spanish plural for English singular, and vice versa 2
2 Articles
The form of the article
2.1 El or la, un or una? 1
Uses of the article
2.2 The article with names of languages 1
2.3 The article with names of countries and towns 1/2
2.4 The article with days of the week 1/2
2.5 General exercise 2
2.6 The indefinite article after a verb 2
2.7 Unos 2/3
Use and omission of the articles
2.8 Use and omission of the definite article 2
2.9 Use and omission of the indefinite article 2
2.10 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (1) 2/3
2.11 Use and omission of the definite and indefinite article (2) 3
3 Adjectives
Agreement
3.1 Basic agreement 1/2
3.2 More complex agreements 2/3
3.3 Colour adjectives 2/3
Formation of adjectives
3.4 Formation of the feminine 1/2
3.5 -ísimo forms 1
3.6 Adjectives pertaining to places 2
3.7 Adjectives formed from nouns (relational adjectives) 3
3.8 Translating ‘un-’ 3
Adjective position
3.9 Adjective position (1) 2/3
3.10 Adjective position (2) 2/3
3.11 Position of adjective with compound nouns 2
3.12 Adjective position: bueno, malo, grande, pequeño 3
3.13 Adjectives whose meaning varies according to position 3
4 Comparatives
Regular and irregular comparative forms
4.1 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs 1
4.2 Más grande/mayor, más pequeño/menor 2
Comparisons of inequality
4.3 Más/menos que or más/menos de? 1
Comparisons of quantity with clauses
4.4 Distinguishing where there is comparison with a clause 2
4.5 Constructing comparisons of quantity with a clause 2/3
Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
4.6 Superlative of adjectives 1
4.7 Equivalence with English ‘most’ and ‘-est’ 3
Other comparative constructions
4.8 ‘The more… the more… /the less… the less…’ 1
4.9 ‘More and more…, less and less…’ 2
Comparison of equality
4.10 Tan and tanto 1
Miscellaneous
4.11 General exercise (1) 2
4.12 General exercise (2) 2/3
5 Demonstratives
Agreement
5.1 Agreement 1
Usage
5.2 Equivalence with English 2
5.3 Demonstrative or article? 1/2
5.4 Project 3
6 The neuter
6.1 Lo with adjectives or with adverbs 1
6.2 Translation of ‘how’ by lo 1/2
6.3 Translating lo + adjective/adverb 2
6.4 Lo as a neuter pronoun 1
6.5 Lo, lo que, lo de 2/3
6.6 Neuter demonstrative pronouns (esto, eso, aquello) 1
6.7 General exercise (1) 1
6.8 General exercise (2) 1/2
7 Possessives
7.1 Basic agreements 1
7.2 Use of the definite article in place of a possessive 1
7.3 Expression of the idea of possession 2/3
7.4 The definite article with the long possessive form 2
7.5 El de, etc. 1/2
8 Numbers
8.1 Numbers in full written (or spoken) form 2/3
8.2 Cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers 3
8.3 Translating ordinal numbers 2/3
8.4 Cien or ciento? 2
8.5 Fractions 2
8.6 Advanced number expressions 2/3
9 Pronouns
Subject pronouns
9.1 Subject pronouns for emphasis and contrast 1/2
Second person forms
9.2 The voseo 3
9.3 Degrees of familiarity: tú and usted 3
Pronouns after prepositions
9.4 Pronouns after prepositions (1) 1
9.5 Pronouns after prepositions (2) 1/2
9.6 Pronouns after con 1
9.7 Reflexive pronouns with prepositions 2/3
Object pronouns
9.8 General exercise 1
9.9 Order of object pronouns 1/2
9.10 Position with the imperative 1
9.11 Position with the gerund and past participles 1
9.12 Position of the pronoun in double verb constructions 3
9.13 Object pronouns used to denote personal involvement and possession 2/3
9.14 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (1) 2
9.15 ‘Redundant’ or reduplicative object pronouns (2) 2
9.16 General exercise (1) 2
9.17 Le/les and se for le/les when followed by lo/la/los/las 1
9.18 The le/lo controversy 3
9.19 General exercise (2) 3
9.20 Use with certain verbs 3
10 Forms of verbs
10.1 Regular verbs 1/2
10.2 Spelling changes in verbs 1/2
10.3 Radical-changing verbs 1/2
10.4 Verb-forms crossword (general exercise) 3
10.5 Irregular verbs: preterites 1
10.6 Irregular verbs: futures and conditionals 1
10.7 Irregular verbs: positive imperatives 1
10.8 The present subjunctive 1/2
10.9 The imperfect subjunctive 2
10.10 Voseo forms 3
10.11 Project (general) 2/3
11 Indicative usage
11.1 The present tense 2
11.2 Continuous and simple tenses (1) 2/3
11.3 Continuous and simple tenses (2) 3
11.4 The preterite and the imperfect (1) 1/2
11.5 The preterite and the imperfect (2) 1/2
11.6 The preterite and the imperfect (3) 2
11.7 Future tense 2
11.8 Suppositional future 1/2
11.9 The conditional: use of the conditional for future in the past 1/2
11.10 The conditional: use of the conditional in conditional contexts (1) 1/2
11.11 The conditional: use of the conditional in conditional contexts (2) 1/2
11.12 Conditional for supposition about the past 2
11.13 Compound tenses (1) 1
11.14 Compound tenses (2) 2
11.15 The past tenses (1) 2
11.16 The past tenses (2) 2
11.17 The past tenses (3) 2/3
11.18 The perfect tense in Latin America 3
11.19 The -ra verb form 3
12 The imperative
The second person imperatives
12.1 The tú and vosotros imperatives (1) 1
12.2 The tú and vosotros imperatives (2) 1/2
12.3 Imperatives with object pronouns 2
12.4 Negative imperatives with object pronouns 1/2
12.5 The vos imperative 3
12.6 Latin American and Peninsular usage 2
Imperatives in other persons
12.7 First person imperatives 2
12.8 Third person imperatives 2
12.9 The infinitive used as an imperative 1
13 The subjunctive
Possibility and probability
13.1 Expressions of possibility and probability 2
Influence
13.2 Verbs of influence 2
13.3 Noun + de que 1/2
13.4 Verbs with a double meaning 3
Emotional reactions and value judgements
13.5 Expressions indicating emotional reaction and value judgement 2
13.6 Sería … que … 2
13.7 Subjunctive and infinitive 2
Verbs of denying and negated verbs of stating, declaring, knowing, thinking and understanding
13.8 General exercise 2/3
13.9 Indirect negative questions and negated imperatives 2/3
Doubt, fear and hope
13.10 General exercise 2
13.11 General exercises on statements, assumptions and value judgements 3
13.12 ‘The fact that …’ 2
13.13 Verbs with a double meaning 3
Subjunctive after subordinators
13.14 Purpose, cause, manner and result 2
13.15 Subjunctive and indicative with como 2/3
13.16 Como si 1/2
13.17 Time 2
13.18 Concession 2
Condition and exception
13.19 Subordinators other than si 2
13.20 Si clauses (1) 2
13.21 Si clauses (2) 2
13.22 Si clauses (3) 3
13.23 Si clauses (4) 2/3
Relative clauses
13.24 The subjunctive in relative clauses (1) 3
13.25 The subjunctive in relative clauses (2) 3
13.26 Translating ‘however’, ‘whatever’, ‘whoever’, ‘whichever’, etc. 3
13.27 The subjunctive to express wishes 2/3
13.28 General exercise on the subjunctive (1) 1/2
13.29 General exercise on the subjunctive (2) 3
14 Reported speech
14.1 Sequence of tenses 2
14.2 Indirect questions 1/2
14.3 Indirect commands 2
15 The syntax of verbal constructions
General
15.1 Infinitive constructions with verbs 2
15.2 Infinitive and full clause 2/3
Particular constructions
15.3 Verbs of permitting and forbidding 2
15.4 Verbs of perception 2
15.5 Verbs with the gerund 2/3
15.6 Pronoun shifting 2/3
16 Non-finite forms of the verb
Infinitive
16.1 Infinitive governed by a verb 2
16.2 Infinitive after prepositions 2
16.3 Choice between infinitive and que + finite verb 2
16.4 Infinitive as a noun 1
16.5 Adjective + de + infinitive 2
Past participles
16.6 Forms (1) 2
16.7 Forms (2) 2/3
16.8 Verbal and adjectival past participles 3
16.9 Participle clauses 2/3
Forms in – nte
16.10 Forms 1/2
16.11 Use 3
16.12 Spanish -nte forms as the equivalent of English ‘-ing’ forms 2
The gerund
16.13 Forms 1
16.14 Adverbial use of the gerund 3
16.15 The gerund as a substitute for a relative clause verb 3
16.16 The gerund after a finite verb 3
Translating English ‘-ing’
16.17 Translating English ‘-ing’ (1) 2
16.18 Translating English ‘-ing’ (2) 3
17 Modal auxiliaries
Poder and saber
17.1 Expression of ability 1
17.2 Pudo, no pudo / podía, no podía? 2
17.3 The imperfect of poder used for reproaching 2
17.4 Poder used in speculations and suggestions 3
Deber, deber de and tener que
17.5 Expression of obligation 3
Haber que
17.6 Haber que and tener que 2
Querer
17.7 ‘To want to’ 2
Soler
17.8 ‘Usually’ 3
18 Negative constructions
General
18.1 The syntax of negative sentences 1
18.2 General exercise 2
18.3 Translating English ‘no’ 2/3
Individual negative elements
18.4 Ninguno, nada and nadie 1/2
18.5 ‘Redundant’ no 3
18.6 Nomás 3
19 Interrogation and exclamations
19.1 General exercise 1
19.2 Que and qué 1/2
19.3 Cuál and qué 1/2
19.4 ¡Qué – más/tan –! 1
19.5 Translating ‘how’ 2/3
20 Pronominal verbs
The literal reflexive
20.1 Making reciprocal meaning clear 2
20.2 Translation of ‘-self’ 3
20.3 Errors in the use of the reflexive 1
Spanish pronominal verb corresponding to an English intransitive verb
20.4 Pronominal and non-pronominal forms of the same verb 3
Nuances of pronominal verbs
20.5 Optional and obligatory reflexive pronouns 3
20.6 Rendering pronominal nuances in English 3
20.7 Quedar and quedarse 3
‘Passive’ and ‘impersonal’ uses of the third person reflexive
20.8 Expression of an indefinite subject 3
20.9 Definite or indefinite subject? 3
Miscellaneous
20.10 Use of se 2/3
21 The expression of ‘becoming’
21.1 Verbs expressing the notion of ‘becoming’ 2
21.2 Special verbs meaning ‘becoming’ 2/3
21.3 Translation of English ‘become’ 3
22 Passive
General
22.1 Passive with ser 1
22.2 Translation of the passive and impersonal se 1
22.3 Translation of the English passive 2/3
22.4 The passive in formal registers 2/3
Choice of auxiliary
22.5 Ser/estar + past participle 2/3
Constructions with se
22.6 Project 3
22.7 Other impersonal constructions 2/3
22.8 The ‘passive’ meaning of the infinitive 2
23 Ser, estar and haber
Basic uses
23.1 Ser and estar: general exercise 1/2
23.2 Haber and estar in contrast 1
23.3 Direct object pronouns with haber, ser and estar 2
23.4 Sentences involving both ser and estar 2
More advanced uses of ser and estar
23.5 General exercise (1) 2
23.6 General exercise (2) 2/3
23.7 General exercise (3) 2/3
Ser and estarin specific contexts
23.8 Ser de and estar de 2
23.9 Ser and estar with adverbs like bien, mejor, mal 2
23.10 Ser and estar with expressions of location 2
23.11 Ser and estar with adjectives (1) 3
23.12 Ser and estar with adjectives (2): change of condition 2
24 Adverbs
General
24.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente from adjectives 1
24.2 Combining adverbs in -mente 2
24.3 Avoiding adverbs in -mente 2
Discrimination of adverbs
24.4 Aquí, ahí, allí, acá, allá 2/3
24.5 Aun and aún 2
24.6 Bajo, abajo and debajo de 2/3
24.7 Luego and entonces 2
24.8 Tras, detrás, detrás de, atrás 2
Ya
24.9 Ya 2/3
Adverbial phrases
24.10 Adverbial phrases of manner 2/3
25 Expressions of time
25.1 Time phrases expressing duration (1) 1
25.2 Time phrases expressing duration (2) 2
25.3 ‘Since’ expressions 3
25.4 Desde, desde que and desde hace 1
25.5 General exercise (1) 2
25.6 General exercise (2) 2/3
25.7 En or dentro de? 1
25.8 Verbal constructions expressing notions of time 2
26 Conjunctions
Pero, sino, si no
26.1 General 2
26.2 Sino and sino que 3
Y (e), o (u), ni
26.3 General 1
Que
26.4 Que, qué or de que? 2
26.5 Dequeísmo 2/3
Conjunctions of cause and consequence
26.6 Por qué, porque or porqué? 1
26.7 Como, porque, así que 1
26.8 Conjunctions of consequence and result 2
Concession
26.9 Aunque, a pesar de que, por … que 3
Condition and exception
26.10 Substitutes for si 3
Purpose and aim
26.11 Para que 2/3
Conjunctions of time
26.12 General 3
27 Prepositions
Personala
27.1 Before nouns denoting human beings or animals 1
27.2 General: basic usage 2
27.3 Personal a before pronouns 1
27.4 Before relative pronouns 2
A and en
27.5 Miscellaneous uses 2
27.6 Idiomatic expressions with a and en 3
De and desde
27.7 Discriminating de and desde 2
Por and para
27.8 Discrimination of por and para: general 2
27.9 Place and time 2/3
27.10 Idiomatic expressions with por and para 3
27.11 Verbs followed by por or para 3
27.12 General 3
Other prepositions
27.13 Ante and delante de 1
27.14 Bajo and debajo de 1
27.15 Tras 2
28 Relative pronouns
28.1 Relative pronouns in Spanish and English 2
28.2 Relative pronouns 1
28.3 Relative clauses 1/2
28.4 Use after a preposition 2
28.5 Discrimination of lo que/cual, el que/cual, etc. 2
28.6 Cuyo 1
28.7 Donde, adonde, como and cuando as relatives 1/2
29 Nominalizers and cleft sentences
Nominalizers
29.1 Use of el de, el que, etc. 2
29.2 Use of lo de, etc. 2
Cleft sentences
29.3 The cleft sentence construction 2/3
29.4 Lo que or el que, etc. 2/3
29.5 ‘That’s why’ 2
29.6 Verb form agreement 2/3
30 Word order
30.1 Word order in sentences containing relative clauses 2
30.2 Word order in questions 2
30.3 Word order in exclamations 2
30.4 Word order with adverbs (1) 2
30.5 Word order with adverbs (2) 2
Miscellaneous
30.6 Word order in relative clauses 2
30.7 Set phrases 3
31 Affective suffixes
Diminutive suffixes
31.1 Forms 1
31.2 Real and apparent diminutives 3
Augmentative suffixes
31.3 Forms 1
31.4 -azo 3
31.5 Some recent augmentative forms 3
31.6 Real and apparent augmentatives 3
31.7 -azo and -udo 3
31.8 General exercise 1
32 Spelling and punctuation
32.1 Accents 1/2
32.2 Differences between words based on the written accent 2
32.3 Use of upper and lower case letters 2
32.4 Punctuation of direct speech 2/3
32.5 Question and exclamation marks 1/2
33 General exercises
33.1 Cloze test (1) 2
33.2 Cloze test (2) 2
33.3 Spot the mistakes 3
Glossary of Grammatical Terms
Key to the Exercises
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