Europe by Rietbergen, Peter -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of plates List of maps Preface to the third edition Prologue: Europe – a present with a past

Europe – and Europeanness? Europe: old Europe, new Europe, old borders, new borders Europe: ideas Europe: realities Europe: on the problems of writing its (cultural) history On choices: the scope and structure of this book On the use of this book Acknowledgements

PART I Continuity and change: new ways of surviving

1 Before ‘Europe’: towards an agricultural and sedentary society

Beginnings in Africa and the eastern Mediterranean, or the non-European origins of European culture The advent of agriculture, temple and state Invasion, conquest and change: the first wave BABYLON, THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY BC: THE LAW CODE OF HAMMURÁPI Beginnings in Europe: after the last Ice Age Invasion, conquest and change: the second wave A ‘marginal’ culture? Religion and state formation in Israel A ‘marginal’ culture? Trade and communication in Phoenicia A ‘marginal’ culture? Democracy and its limitations in Greece A ‘marginal’ culture? Tribal society in Celtic Europe The ‘birth of Europe’ and the Greek ‘world-view’, or how to define one’s own culture The world of Alexander the Great Dossier: The human body

2 Rome and its empire: the effects and limits of cultural integration

Between the Alps and the Mediterranean, between the Etruscan and the Greek worlds: the expansion of the early Romans From an informal to a formal empire ROME, THE SECOND CENTURY AD: A LEGAL SYSTEM, A LEGAL SOCIETY – THE ROMAN CONTRIBUTION Roman culture The Roman Empire and the worlds beyond Dossier: The rule of law

3 An empire lost – an empire won? Christianity and the Roman Empire

Developments within the Jewish world: the genesis of Christianity From Jews – and Gentiles – to Christians: the role of Jesus of Nazareth and his followers Religions in the Roman Empire A sect of ‘hopeless outlaws’ CARTHAGE, AD 180: ARGUMENTS AGAINST AND FOR THE RELIGION OF THE CHRISTIANS Towards an empire Roman as well as Christian Rome and its neighbours in the fourth and fifth centuries AD: ‘decline and fall’? The division and loss of the political empire – the survival of the cultural empire Empire and language Dossier: Charity and/or solidarity

PART II Continuity and change: new forms of belief

4 Towards one religion for all

The Christian world-view: the survival of classical culture within the context of Christianity and Europe MOUNT SINAI, AD 547: KOSMAS EXPLAINS THE CHRISTIAN COSMOGRAPHY One religion for all: the fusion of Christianity and Europe The rise of a new empire: Frankish statecraft and Christian arguments Culture and cohesion: the role of ideology and education in the shaping of Carolingian Europe, or the ‘First Renaissance’? The impact of monasteries Dossier: Charlemagne: the Father of Europe?

5 Three worlds around the Inner Sea: western Christendom, eastern Christendom and Islam

Confrontation and contact from the sixth century onwards The world of the Prophet: Islam God’s kingdom among men: orthodox Christendom A far corner of the earth: Roman, Catholic Christendom The Crusades: western Christendom versus Islam and eastern Christendom CLERMONT, 26 NOVEMBER 1095: POPE URBAN II CALLS FOR A CRUSADE Dossier: Islam in Europe

6 One world, many traditions: elite culture and popular cultures: cosmopolitan norms and regional variations

Europe’s ‘feudal’ polities The Church and the early states Economic and technological change and the early states Stronger states – stronger rulers? The towns and the early states A Christian world or a world of Christian nations? Elite culture and popular cultures: cosmopolitan norms and regional variations LONDON, AD 1378: GEOFFREY CHAUCER DESCRIBES HIS WORLD The importance of the universities Dossier: Democracy? Interlude: the worlds of Europe, c.1400–1800 A world of villages A world of towns Two worlds?

PART III Continuity and change: new ways of looking at man and the world

7 A new society: Europe’s changing views of man

The survival of classical culture and the beginnings of Humanism The loss of Byzantium – the gain of Europe: the further development of Humanism in Italy From Humanism to the Renaissance in Italy ROME, AD 1538: MICHELANGELO ANALYSES ITALIAN ART Humanism and the Renaissance: Italy and beyond Dossier: European music

8 A new society: Europe as a wider world

Economic and technological change and the definitive formation of the ‘modern’ state From manuscript to typescript Gunpowder and compass THE HAGUE, AD 1625: HUGO GROTIUS EXPOUNDS ‘THE LAW OF NATIONS’ Church and State: the break-up of religious unity Printing, reading and the schools: education for the masses? Unity and diversity: printing as a cultural revolution Europe and its frontiers: nation-feeling and cultural self-definition Dossier: Capitalism

9 A new society: Europe and the wider world since the fifteenth century

The ‘old’ world and the ‘older’ world The ‘old’ world and the ‘new’ The ‘Columbian exchange’ EUROPE, THE EARLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY: OPINIONS ON THE CONQUEST OF AMERICA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Images of America and mirrors of Europe Further cultural consequences of European expansion Dossier: Europe’s wider world

10 A new society: migration, travel and the diffusion and integration of culture in Europe

Migration, travel and culture Non-voluntary travel: the cultural significance of migrations Three types of cultural travel ROME, WINTER 1644–5: JOHN EVELYN VISITS THE ETERNAL CITY The practice of travel To travel or not to travel? Travel as an element in growing cosmopolitanism and cultural integration Dossier: The Church of Rome

11 A new society: the ‘Republic of Letters’ as a virtual and virtuous world against a divided world

The Republic of Letters: a quest for harmony The Republic of Letters and the ideal of tolerance: theory and practice CHATEAU MONTAIGNE, NEAR BORDEAUX, AD 1580: MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE ON EUROPE AND ‘THE OTHER’ The Republic of Letters and its enemies: national cultural policies, or the political uses of culture The Republic of Letters, or how to communicate in an invisible institution The Republic of Letters and the ‘intertraffic of the mind’: three examples Dossier: Paradise

12 A new society: from Humanism to the Enlightenment

Humanism and empiricism between ‘ratio’ and ‘revelatio’ From (scientific) empiricism to new visions of man and society EUROPE, THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: VIEWS ON THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF FRANCIS BACON AND RENÉ DESCARTES From Humanism to Enlightenment: a long dawn Enlightenment and Romanticism: poles apart? Dossier: Cosmos, nature, man

PART IV Continuity and change: new forms of consumption and communication

13 Europe’s revolutions: freedom and consumption for all?

Material culture and conspicuous consumption: Europe’s process of consumer change until the end of the eighteenth century Production and reproduction: a process of economic and demographic change until the end of the eighteenth century A process of social and cultural change: the convergence of elites until the end of the eighteenth century Two ‘revolutions’: one political, one economic, both cultural PARIS, 27 AUGUST 1789: THE CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF THE ‘DÉCLARATION DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET DU CITOYEN’ Urban, industrial culture: the regulation and consumption of time Dossier: Machines that alter(ed) the world

14 Progress and its discontents: nationalism, economic growth and the question of cultural certainties

The revolutions and their aftermath Elements of nationalism: the political culture of the nineteenth century New elites, new mechanisms of cultural diffusion, new manifestations of culture BASLE, THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: JACOB BURCKHARDT (1818–97) CRITICIZES CONTEMPORARY CULTURE Money and time, goods and leisure: towards a consumer culture Dossier: War and Peace

15 Europe and the other worlds

Europe and its expanding world Europe and Latin America: a severed relationship? The ‘old’ world and the ‘new’: North America as a vision of freedom Capitalism and consumerism: freedom or slavery, progress or decadence? NEW YORK, 1909: HERBERT CROLY (1869–1930) INTERPRETS ‘THE PROMISE OF AMERICAN LIFE’ Europe and ‘America’: a cultural symbiosis, or the growth of the ‘western world’ To the ‘heart of darkness’: Europe and Africa The ‘old’ world and the ‘older’ world Dossier: Europe and humankind

16 The ‘Decline of the Occident’ – the loss of a dream? From the nineteenth to the twentieth century

The sciences: positivism and increasing relativism BERLIN, 1877: HEINRICH STEPHAN REJOICES IN THE FIRST GERMAN TELEPHONE SERVICE Europe in hiding, Europe surviving A growing sense of fin de siècle: between pessimism and optimism A world between wars Dossier: Who am I?

17 Towards a new Europe?

Science, culture and society After the Second World War: deconstruction and reconstruction A culture of time versus money From ‘familyman’ to ‘salaryman’ – from group identity to individual identity? Dimensions of identity – culture as communication: towards an ‘anonymous mass culture’? EUROPE SINCE THE 1960S: POPULAR MUSIC – HIGH CULTURE? Dossier: Europe and Europeanness in the twenty-first century

Epilogue: Europe – a present with a future Notes Index

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