Galatians · Verse by Verse by Osborne, Grant R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Series Preface Introduction to Galatians

Author Recipients and Date

The North Galatian Hypothesis The South Galatian Hypothesis

Occasion and Opponents Outline The Theology of the Letter

The Triune Godhead The Gospel

(1) The Truth of the Gospel (2) Salvation History (3) Justification by Faith Alone (4) Freedom and the Christian Walk

The Centrality of the Cross (1:1–10)

Paul Greets the Galatian Churches (1:1–5)

The Author and Recipients of the Letter (1:1–2) The Salutation and Power of the Cross (1:3–5)

Paul Is Writing to Expose the Danger to the Galatians (1:6–10)

The Danger: Turning to a False Gospel (1:6–7) The Invocation of the Divine Curse (1:8–9) Paul’s Model: Not Trying to Please People (1:10)

The Divine Source of Paul’s Gospel (1:11–24)

Paul’s Gospel Originated in a Revelation from Christ (1:11–12)

Not of Human Origin (1:11–12A) The True Source: Revelation from Jesus Christ (1:12B)

Paul Recounts His Conversion and Early Failure to Consult Others (1:13–17)

His past Animosity (1:13–14)

Persecution of the Church (1:13) Zeal for Judaism (1:14)

His Apostolic Call (1:15–16A) His Decision Not to Consult Others (1:16B–17)

On His First Jerusalem Visit, Paul Did Not Seek the Approval of the Apostles or the Church (1:18–24)

Time in Jerusalem: Met Only Cephas and James (1:18–20)

Very Short Time with the Two Apostles (1:18–19) Oath regarding the Truth of Paul’s Claims (1:20)

Time in Judea and Syria: Unknown to These People (1:21–24)

Not Recognized in Either Region (1:21–22) Known Only by Report (1:23–24)

The Pillars Accept Paul as an Apostle (2:1–10)

Paul Travels with Barnabas to Jerusalem (2:1–5)

The Purpose: Presentation of the Gospel He Preaches to the Gentiles (2:1–2) Circumcision Not Required (2:3–5)

Paul Receives Approval from the Pillars (2:6–10)

Nothing Added to Paul’s Gospel (2:6) The Validity of Paul’s Gentile and Peter’s Jewish Ministries (2:7–8) The Right Hand of Fellowship from the Pillars (2:9) Request to Remember the Poor (2:10)

Conflict with Peter and the Essence of the Gospel (2:11–21)

Paul Rebukes Peter and Defends the Gospel against Peter’s Actions (2:11–14)

The Rebuke at Antioch (2:11) The Situation: Withdrawal from the Gentiles (2:12A) The Reason: Pressure from the Circumcision Group (2:12B–13) Rebuke and Correction by Paul (2:14)

Paul Sets Forth the True Essence of the Gospel (2:15–21)

Definition: Justification by Faith and Not by the Works of the Law (2:15–16) The Problem of Sin: From the Law, Not from Christ (2:17–18) The Solution: Died to the Law, Crucified with Christ (2:19–20) Grace through Christ, Not the Law (2:21)

Defense of Faith over the Works of the Law (3:1–18)

Paul Defends the Gospel by Experience: The Reception of the Spirit (3:1–5)

They Must Have Been Bewitched (3:1) They Received the Spirit by Faith (3:2) The Spirit Is Antithetical to the Flesh (3:3) The Question of an Empty Religious Experience (3:4) The Spirit and Miracles Come by Faith, Not Works (3:5)

Paul Defends the Gospel Using Scripture: Abraham and Faith (3:6–14)

Thesis: Faith Credited as Righteousness (3:6) The Children of Abraham Come by Faith (3:7–9)

Faith the Requirement (3:7) The Gospel Announced to Abraham and the Nations (3:8) The Means: With Abraham the Gentiles Rely on Faith (3:9)

The Removal of the Curse (3:10–14)

The Curse on Those Who Rely on the Law (3:10) The Righteous Must Live by Faith (3:11–12) Christ Redeemed Us by Becoming the Curse (3:13) Abraham’s Blessing Comes to the Gentiles (3:14)

Paul Proclaims the Subsidiary Nature of the Mosaic Law (3:15–18)

The Permanent Nature of a Human Covenant (3:15) The Promise Given to Christ as the Seed of Abraham (3:16) The Priority of the Abrahamic Covenant (3:17) The Inheritance Given via an Eternal Promise (3:18)

The Law’s Temporary Purpose (3:19–29)

Paul States the Law’s Purpose as a Temporary Instrument (3:19–25)

The Purpose behind Its Interim Status (3:19–21) Two Analogies behind the Law’s Purpose (3:22–25)

The Law as a Prison (3:22–23) The Law as a Guardian (3:24–25)

Paul Identifies Believers as the Children of God (3:26–29)

Faith as the Basis of Sonship (3:26) The Results of Sonship (3:27–29)

Clothed with Christ (3:27) Oneness in Christ (3:28) Heirs of Abraham (3:29)

Spiritual Liberation from Slavery (4:1–11)

There Is a Salvation-Historical Switch from Slavery to Sonship (4:1–7)

The Analogy of Slavery (4:1–3)

The Submission of an Heir, While a Child, to Custodians (4:1–2) Application to the Enslavement of Jews and Gentiles (4:3)

The Solution for This Slavery (4:4–7)

In the Sending of the Son (4:4–5) In the Sending of the Spirit (4:6–7)

Paul Points out the Folly of Returning to the Law (4:8–11)

The past: Enslaved to False Gods (4:8) The Present: Known by God (4:9–10)

Known by God, Yet Tempted to Turn Back (4:9) The Error: Observing the Jewish Calendar (4:10)

The Danger: Emptying Paul’s Ministry of Value (4:11)

Paul’s Relationship with the Galatians (4:12–20)

Paul Reminds the Galatians of Their Relationship (4:12–16)

Thesis: Imitate Paul (4:12A–B) Their Treatment of Paul (4:12C–16)

The past: Warm Welcome When He Was Ill (4:12c–14) The Present: Displeasure When Being Told the Truth (4:15–16)

False Teachers Hide Their Intentions (4:17–18)

Their Plan to Alienate the Galatians from Paul (4:17) The Need for Proper Zeal (4:18)

Paul Is Anguished and Perplexed about the Galatians (4:19–20)

His Anguish over Them (4:19) His Perplexity with Them (4:20)

Freedom over Slavery: An Allegorical Argument (4:21–31)

Paul Presents an Allegory from Scripture (4:21–23)

The Command to Listen to the Law (4:21) The Two Sons of Abraham (4:22–23)

The Two Wives Represent Two Covenants (4:24–27)

The Old Covenant: Hagar / Jerusalem below Representing Slavery (4:24–25) The New Covenant: Sarah/Jerusalem above Representing Freedom (4:26–27)

Paul Applies This to the Current Situation (4:28–31)

The Children of the Flesh Persecuting the Children of Promise (4:28–29) The Inheritance Only for the Free Woman’s Son (4:30) Plea to Remain Children of the Free Woman (4:31)

The Law’s Threat to Freedom (5:1–12)

Take a Stand for Freedom (5:1) Paul Warns about the Danger of Circumcision (5:2–6)

The End Results of Circumcision (5:2–4)

Robs Christ of Any Value (5:2) Demands Perfect Obedience (5:3) Causes a Fall from Christ and Grace (5:4)

The Solution: The True Gospel (5:5–6)

Righteousness through the Spirit (5:5) Faith Expressed through Love (5:6)

Paul Warns about the Danger of the False Teachers (5:7–12)

Their Insidious Invasion of the Galatian Churches (5:7–9) Certain Judgment for Their Sins (5:10) Paul’s Opposition to Them (5:11) Paul’s Wish for Them (5:12)

Freedom in Love and by the Spirit (5:13–24)

Love Holds a Central Place in the Christian Life (5:13–15)

The Meaning of Freedom: Love, Not Libertinism (5:13) Love as the Fulfillment of the Law (5:14) Warning about Conflicts (5:15)

Life in the Spirit Is Opposed to Life in the Flesh (5:16–24)

Antithesis between Flesh and Spirit (5:16–18)

The Spirit Opposed to the Desires of the Flesh (5:16–17a) The Conflict between Flesh and Spirit (5:17b–18)

The Deeds of the Flesh (5:19–21)

The Deeds Enumerated (5:19–21a) Warning: No Inheritance (5:21b)

The Fruit of the Spirit (5:22–24)

The Fruit Enumerated (5:22–23) The Crucifixion of the Flesh (5:24)

Living Life by the Spirit (5:25–6:10)

Paul Tells How to Keep in Step with the Spirit (5:25–6:5)

The Basis: Absence of Conceit (5:25–26) The Corporate Side: Strengthening the Saints (6:1–3)

The Restoration of Sinners (6:1) Bearing One Another’s Burdens (6:2) Absence of Pride (6:3)

The Individual Side: Testing One’s Own Actions (6:4–5)

Doing Good Constitutes Keeping in Step with the Spirit (6:6–10)

Financial Support for Christian Leaders (6:6) Final Judgment: Reaping What We Sow (6:7–8) Life in the Spirit: Doing Good (6:9–10)

Concluding Thoughts (6:11–18)

Paul’s Signature Shows the Importance of the Conclusion (6:11) Paul Makes His Closing Exhortations (6:12–15)

The Danger of the Circumcision Group (6:12–13)

Their Erroneous Motivation (6:12) Their Sinful Purpose (6:13)

The True Basis for Pride (6:14–15)

The Centrality of the Cross and the Crucified Life (6:14) The Centrality of the New Creation (6:15)

Paul Makes a Prayer-Wish for the New Israel (6:16) Paul Provides Proof of His Ministry: The Marks of Jesus (6:17) Paul Closes the Letter with a Benediction (6:18)

Glossary

Amanuensis Apocalyptic Chiasm Christological Eschatological, Eschatology Hellenism, Hellenistic Judaizers Proleptic Septuagint Shekinah Shema Soteriological

Bibliography Subject and Author Index Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Literature

Old Testament New Testament Other Ancient Literature

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