A Companion to Wittgenstein by Glock, Hans-Johann -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Table of Contents List of Contributors Acknowledgments Wittgenstein’s Published Works in Order of Composition

Lectures and Conversations Anthologies and Collections Works Derived from Dictations by, or Conversations with, Wittgenstein Correspondence Nachlass

Introduction Ludwig Wittgenstein

References Further Reading

Part I: Introductory

1 Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development

1 Some Basic Features of Wittgenstein’s Work 2 The Early Work 3 Thinking about Wittgenstein’s Development 4 The Transformation 5 The Typescripts and Revisions References Further Reading

2 Wittgenstein’s Texts and Style

1 Internalism and Externalism about Style and Method 2 Identifying Texts and Works 3 Identifying Voices in the Text References Further Reading

Part II: Influences

3 Wittgenstein and Schopenhauer

1 Early and Later Wittgenstein 2 Schopenhauer’s Influence on the Early Wittgenstein 3 Schopenhauerian Perceptible Sign and Transcendent Symbol 4 Transcendent Tractatus Logic and Semantics 5 Transcendence of Convergent Ethical‐Aesthetic Value 6 Later Anti‐Schopenhauerian Anti‐Transcendental Antipode References Further Reading

4 Wittgenstein and Frege

1 Introduction 2 Wittgenstein’s Relationship with Frege 3 Frege and Wittgenstein’s Early Work 4 Frege and Wittgenstein’s Later Work 5 Conclusion References Further Reading

5 Wittgenstein and Russell

1 Introduction 2 Russellian Background 3 The Multiple‐Relation Theory of Judgment 4 The Narrow Direction Problem (ND) 5 The Wide Direction Problem (WD) 6 Wittgenstein’s Objection and Russell’s Paralysis 7 Direct Inspection and the MRTJ (First Problem with EI) 8 The Logical Status of the Subordinate Relation (Second Problem with EI) 9 Solution to these two Problems: OI 10 Propositional Functions 11 Wittgenstein on Logical Form 12 Conclusion References Further Reading

6 Wittgenstein, Hertz, and Boltzmann

1 Introduction 2 Boltzmann and Hertz 3 Wittgenstein’s Knowledge of Boltzmann and Hertz 4 Hertz and His Mechanics 5 The Picture Conception of Language 6 Wittgenstein’s Way of Reading Hertz’s Mechanics 7 Hertz’s Influence on Wittgenstein’s Conception of Philosophy 8 Boltzmann 9 Concluding Remarks References Further Reading

Part III: Early Philosophy

7 Logical Atomism

1 The Tractarian Logical Atomism 2 The Possibility of Complete Analysis 3 Some Recent Interpretations of the Substance Argument 4 The Substance Argument References Further Reading

8 The Picture Theory

1 Introduction 2 The Identity of Fact and Sense 3 The Priority of Sense (i) 4 The Priority of Sense (ii) 5 The Expression of a Sense (i) 6 The Expression of a Sense (ii) 7 The Expression of a Sense (iii) 8 Truth as the Given References Further Reading

9 Wittgenstein on Solipsism

1 The Impact of Schopenhauer 2 Wittgenstein on Solipsism in the Tractatus 3 Wittgenstein on Solipsism in the “Blue Book” 4 Critique of Solipsism and the Self that Takes Responsibility for a Judgment References Further Reading

10 Resolute Readings of the Tractatus

1 Introduction 2 The Original Concept of a Resolute Reading 3 Two Sorts of Criticism of “Resolute Readings” 4 Shedding the First Two Logical Features 5 Shedding the Third Logical Feature 6 Conclusion References Further Reading

11 Ineffability and Nonsense in the Tractatus

1 The Orthodox Reading of the Tractatus 2 The First Criticism and Responses 3 The Second Criticism and Responses 4 The Third Criticism and a Simple Response 5 The Fourth Criticism and Responses 6 The Resolute Reading as an Unorthodox Reading of the Tractatus 7 The Strong and Weak Resolute Readings 8 Criticisms and Comments References Further Reading

12 Metaphysics

1 Metaphysics 2 The Master‐Problems of the Tractatus 3 Ontology, Metaphysics of Symbolism, and the Truths of Logic 4 Ineffability and Expressibility 5 A Digression into Postmodernist Austerity and Resoluteness 6 From Metalogic to Grammar 7 From Metaphysics to Grammar 8 High Metaphysics Brought Low References Further Reading

Part IV: Philosophy and Grammar

13 Philosophy and Philosophical Method

1 Wittgenstein’s Conception of Philosophy and the Cognitivist Mainstream 2 The Early Work 3 The Later Work References Further Reading

14 Grammar and Grammatical Statements

1 Grammar: The Rules of Language 2 The Autonomy of Grammar 3 From Rules to Norms 4 Rules of Grammar and the Discussion of Rule‐Following 5 Grammatical Statements and Analytic Truths 6 Mathematics as Grammar References Further Reading

15 The Autonomy of Grammar

1 Grammar 2 The Autonomy or Arbitrariness of Grammar 3 A Sense in which Grammar is NOT Autonomous or Arbitrary 4 Concluding Remarks References Further Reading

16 Surveyability

1 A Letter 2 The Manuscript Version of PI §122 3 Spengler 4 Intermediate Links 5 Principles of Organization 6 PI §122 References Further Reading

Part V: Logic and Mathematics

17 Logic and the Tractatus

1 The Truths of Logic as Tautologies 2 That the Logical Constants Do Not Stand for Anything 3 Why Only One Logical Constant? 4 The N‐Operator and the General Form of Proposition 5 The Propositions of Logic as Tautologies and the Decision Problem References Further Reading

18 Wittgenstein’s Early Philosophyof Mathematics

1 Introduction 2 Mathematics, Thought, Assertoric Content: Tractatus 3 Mathematical Propositions: Sense, Proof, Method of Checking References Further Reading

19 Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophyof Mathematics

1 Introduction 2 Wittgenstein’s Precept that Philosophy Leaves Everything (Including Mathematics) as it is, and his Distinction between Calculus and Prose 3 Concerns about the Distinction between Calculus and Prose 4 One Way to Meet these Concerns 5 Renewed Concerns about the Distinction between Calculus and Prose 6 An Issue about the Application of Mathematics References Further Reading

20 Wittgenstein and Antirealism

1 Introduction 2 Dummett’s Antirealism and Wittgenstein 3 Quietism and Anti‐Antirealism 4 Deflationism, Minimalism, and Quasi‐Realism 5 Conclusion References Further Reading

21 Necessity and Apriority

1 Necessity’s Dual Source 2 Color Exclusion 3 Language as Calculus 4 Conceptual Roles 5 Criteria and Symptoms 6 Measures and Language‐Games References Further Reading

Part VI: Language

22 Names and Ostensive Definitions

1 Ostensive Definitions of Proper Names 2 Reference and Meaning of Proper Names 3 Verbal Explanations of Proper Names 4 Ostensive Definitions of Predicates 5 Samples Belong to the Symbolism 6 Meaning and Reference of Predicates 7 The Tractarian Doctrines about Names and Naming References Further Reading

23 Meaning and Understanding

1 Beyond Normativity 2 The Guidance Conception of Understanding 3 Mind as Mechanism 4 Mechanism and Guidance 5 Rationality and Guidance 6 Kripke on Rationality and Guidance References Further Reading

24 Rules and Rule‐Following

1 A Mental Picture of a Cube Guides My Application of “Cube” 2 The Parable of the Wayward Child 3 The Rule‐Following Paradox 4 Guidance Without Mystery? 5 Critical Reception of Wittgenstein’s Investigations of the Concept of a Rule References Further Reading

25 Vagueness and Family Resemblance

References Further Reading

26 Languages, Language‐Games, and Forms of Life

1 Introduction 2 Objects of Comparison 3 Languages as Involving Games 4 (Forms of) Life(‐Forms) 5 Context(ualism) 6 This Is Here 7 I Know That That’s a Tree 8 A Rose is Red in the Dark 9 Conclusion References Further Reading

27 Wittgenstein on Truth

1 Truth and the Picture Theory 2 The Analysis of “‘p’ is true” 3 The Metaphysics of Truth 4 The Later Wittgenstein References Further Reading

Part VII: Mind and Action

28 Privacy and Private Language

1 Preliminary 2 The Traditional Picture 3 The Possibility of a Private Language (PI §§239, 243) 4 The Replacement Model (PI §§244–5) 5 Two Senses of Privacy 6 Private Ownership: Numerical and Qualitative Identity (PI §253) 7 Private Ownership and Spatial Specifications of Sensations 8 Private Ownership and Temporal Specifications of Sensations 9 Dependent Particulars? 10 Epistemic Privacy: Wittgenstein’s Main Argument (PI §§246, 248) 11 Epistemic Privacy: Meaningful Uses 12 Epistemic Privacy: Lying About Inner Processes, and Logical Transformations 13 Epistemic Privacy: Reporting that One is in Pain 14 Epistemic Privacy: Grammatical Uses 15 Knowledge of Other Minds (§§281, 283f, 289f, 293f, 302, 350) 16 Private Ostensive Definition (PI §§256–8, 261, 265, 270, 293) References Further Reading

29 The Inner and the Outer

1 The Inner–Outer Picture 2 Avowal, Expression, and Self‐Ascription 3 The Relation between “Inner” Mental States and “Outer” Behavior References Further Reading

30 Wittgenstein on “I” and the Self

1 Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus 5.6–5.641 2 The Consensus View and the Tractatus 3 Philosophical Remarks §§57–66 4 The Consensus View and Philosophical Remarks 5 The “Blue Book,” pp.61–70 6 The Consensus View and the “Blue Book” 7 Philosophical Investigations §§398–411 8 The Consensus View and Philosophical Investigations References Further Reading

31 Wittgenstein on Action and the Will

References Further Reading

32 Wittgenstein on Intentionality

1 Intentionality in the Tractatus 2 Problems with the Picture Theory 3 Rejecting the “Pictorial Relationship” 4 Thoughts and their Objects 5 Conclusion References Further Reading

33 Wittgenstein on Seeing Aspects

1 Introduction 2 The Paradox 3 Gestaltism 4 Physiological Account 5 Interpretationism 6 Two Conceptions of Seeing 7 Conclusion References Further Reading

34 Wittgenstein on Color

1 Introduction 2 The Beginning: Before the Tractatus 3 Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus 4 The Middle Period 5 The Later Period 6 Remarks on Colour Further Reading

Part VIII: Epistemology

35 Wittgenstein on Knowledge and Certainty

1 Certainty vs. Knowledge 2 The Necessary Features of Basic Certainty 3 Indubitability: Doubt and Mistake are Logically Meaningless 4 Foundational: Basic certainties are the Unfounded Foundation of Thought 5 Non‐Empirical: Basic Certainties are not Conclusions Derived from Experience 6 Grammatical: Basic Certainties are Rules of Grammar 7 Non‐Propositionality: Basic Certainties are not Propositions 8 Ineffability: Basic Certainties are Logically Ineffable 9 Enacted: Basic Certainties Can only Show Themselves in What We Say and Do 10 Conclusion: Wittgenstein’s Enactivism Meets Epistemology References Further Reading

36 Wittgenstein on Skepticism

1 Introductory Remarks 2 Wittgenstein on the Structure of Rational Evaluation 3 A Core Problem for the Wittgensteinian Account of the Structure of Rational Evaluation 4 Epistemic Proposals 5 Non‐Epistemic Proposals 6 Concluding Remarks References Further Reading

37 Wittgenstein on Causation and Induction

1 The Earlier Wittgenstein 2 The Negative Discussion (TLP 5.133–5.1362) 3 The Positive Discussion (TLP 6.32–6.3611) 4 Transitions 5 Investigations 6 On Certainty References Further Reading

38 Wittgenstein and Philosophy of Science

1 Wittgenstein and Logical Positivism 2 Wittgenstein and the Historical Turn in Philosophy of Science 3 Toulmin 4 Hanson 5 Kuhn 6 Feyerabend 7 Conclusion References Further Reading

Part IX: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Religion

39 Wittgenstein and Ethics

References Further Reading

40 Wittgenstein and Aesthetics

1 Arts et Métiers 2 Belleville 3 Château Rouge 4 Daumesnil 5 Église d’Auteuil 6 Faidherbe Chaligny 7 Grands Boulevards 8 Hôtel de Ville References Further Reading

41 Wittgenstein and Anthropology

1 Intellectualism 2 Understanding Ceremonial Actions 3 Anthropological Method 4 Wittgenstein and the Anthropological Study of Ritual References Further Reading

42 Wittgenstein and Philosophy of Religion

1 Introduction 2 Religious Language and the Tractatus 3 Later Developments 4 Religion Not a Rival to Science 5 Forms of Life, and the Importance of Context and Praxis 6 Wittgensteinian “Fideism,” and his Alleged “Noncognitivism” 7 Religion as a Framework of Interpretation 8 The Question of Evidence References Further Reading

43 Wittgenstein and Psychoanalysis

1 Introduction 2 Wittgenstein’s Connections to Freud 3 Freud in Wittgenstein’s Writing: Introductory 4 Freud in Wittgenstein’s Writing I: The Unconscious 5 Freud in Wittgenstein’s Writing II: Dreams, Jokes, and the Nature of Psychoanalytic Explanation 6 Freud in Wittgenstein’s Writing III: Psychoanalysis and the “Correct Method in Philosophy” 7 Taking the Balance: “Bawdy,” “Philosophical Froth” plus …? References Further Reading

Part X: Philosophical Schools and Traditions

44 Wittgenstein and the Aristotelian Tradition

1 The Legacy of Wittgenstein 2 Against Cartesian Privacy 3 Causes and Reasons 4 Intentionality 5 Aquinas and Wittgenstein as Fellow Metaphysicians 6 Was Wittgenstein a Metaphysician? References Further Reading

45 Wittgenstein and Kantianism

1 Introduction 2 How the World Conforms 1: Kant, Transcendental Idealism, and Empirical Realism 3 How the World Conforms 2: Wittgenstein, Transcendental Solipsism, and Pure Realism 4 How the World Conforms 3: To Forms of Life 5 The Critique of Self‐Alienated Philosophy 1: Kant’s Critical Meta‐Philosophy 6 The Critique of Self‐Alienated Philosophy 2: Wittgensteinian Analysis as Critique 7 Conclusion References Further Reading

46 Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle

1 Facts about the Association 2 Readings of the Tractatus 3 Personal Interactions with Wittgenstein 4 The Influence of Wittgenstein on the Vienna Circle 5 Logic 6 Language 7 Philosophy 8 The Viennese Tractatus Interpretations Compared 9 Conclusion References Further Reading

47 Wittgenstein and Ordinary Language Philosophy

References Further Reading

48 Wittgenstein and Pragmatism

1 The Historical Context 2 The Primacy of Practice: Meaning and Use 3 Knowledge 4 Truth 5 James and Wittgenstein on Religious Belief 6 Philosophy of Psychology 7 Conclusion: Philosophy as Method References Further Reading

49 Wittgenstein and Naturalism

1 Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus 2 Philosophical Investigations 3 Natural History 4 Conclusions: Perspicuous Representations References Further Reading

50 Wittgenstein and Continental Philosophy

1 Heidegger and Wittgenstein: Beginning, Being, and Context 2 Derrida and Nietzsche: Iterability and Asceticism References Further Reading

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