THE NEUROLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS by Tononi, Giulio, Laureys, Steven -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Preface Prologue List of Contributors Section I: Basics

Chapter 1: Consciousness: An Overview of the Phenomenon and of Its Possible Neural Basis

DEFINING CONSCIOUSNESS VARIETIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS THE NEURAL BASIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

Chapter 2: The Neurological Examination of Consciousness

INTRODUCTION THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN CLASSIC STATES OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN OTHER STATES OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS STATES RESEMBLING IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 3: Functional Neuroimaging

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY EVOKED POTENTIALS MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDY DESIGN ANALYSING BRAIN IMAGING DATA MULTI-MODALITY AND REAL-TIME INTEGRATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 4: Consciousness and Neuronal Synchronization

TWO REPRESENTATIONAL STRATEGIES THE SIGNATURE OF DISTRIBUTED CODES EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR GROUPING BY SYNCHRONY RESPONSE SYNCHRONIZATION AND BEHAVIOURAL STATES PERCEPTION AND RESPONSE SYNCHRONIZATION THE GENERALITY OF SYNCHRONICITY SYNCHRONIZED GAMMA OSCILLATIONS AND CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION AN ATTEMPT OF SYNTHESIS

Chapter 5: Neural Correlates of Visual Consciousness

BRAIN ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL STIMULI THAT DO NOT REACH AWARENESS UNPROMPTED (INVOLUNTARY) CHANGES IN THE CONTENTS OF VISUAL AWARENESS DELIBERATE CHANGES TO THE CONTENTS OF VISUAL AWARENESS NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS OVERALL SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Chapter 6: The Relationship Between Consciousness and Attention

INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS THE FOUR-FOLD WAY OF PROCESSING VISUAL EVENTS AND BEHAVIOURS ATTENTION WITHOUT CONSCIOUSNESS CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE ABSENCE OF ATTENTION PROCESSING WITHOUT TOP-DOWN ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS CAN OPPOSE EACH OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES THAT DEMONSTRATE DISSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CONCEPTUAL DISTINCTIONS NEURONAL SUBSTRATE TO CONSCIOUSNESS WITHOUT ATTENTION DO THESE CONCLUSIONS HOLD FOR REAL LIFE? QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Section II: Waking, Sleep and Anaesthesia Chapter 7: Intrinsic Brain Activity and Consciousness

BACKGROUND BRAIN IMAGING ACTIVITY DECREASES ‘NOISE’ IN THE FMRI BOLD SIGNAL A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FUTURE QUESTIONS

Chapter 8: Sleep and Dreaming

SLEEP STAGES AND CYCLES BRAIN CENTRES REGULATING WAKEFULNESS AND SLEEP NEURAL CORRELATES OF WAKEFULNESS AND SLEEP CONSCIOUSNESS IN SLEEP DISSOCIATED STATES

Chapter 9: Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) Dissociation Between ‘Body Sleep’ and ‘Mind Sleep’

DEFINITION HISTORICAL REMARKS EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES ETIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT FORENSIC ASPECTS CONCLUSION

Chapter 10: General Anaesthesia and Consciousness

ANAESTHETIC AWAKENINGS TO STUDY CONSCIOUSNESS, MAKE CONSCIOUSNESS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE THE ANAESTHETIC TOOLBOX CELLULAR MECHANISM(S) OF ANAESTHESIA INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF ANAESTHESIA IN HUMANS SITE OF ACTION: THALAMUS? SITE OF ACTION: CORTEX? SITE OF ACTION: OTHER SPECIFIC AREAS? IS CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE PARIETAL CORTEX? SITE OF ACTION: NETWORK INTERACTIONS A DETAILED LOOK AT THE DOSE-DEPENDENT PHENOMENOLOGY OF ANAESTHESIA CONCLUSIONS

Section III: Coma and Related Conditions Chapter 11: Coma

WHAT IS COMA? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COMA HOW DO VARIOUS DISORDERS PRODUCE COMA? DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS MANAGEMENT OF THE COMATOSE PATIENT CARE OF THE COMATOSE PATIENT PROGNOSIS AND ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE COMATOSE PATIENT ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE COMATOSE PATIENT FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 12: Brain Death

HISTORY THE CONCEPT OF DEATH THE DEFINITION AND CRITERION OF DEATH THE TESTS OF DEATH AETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS DETERMINATION IN PRACTICE CHILDREN RELIGIOUS VIEWS ORGAN DONATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Chapter 13: The Assessment of Conscious Awareness in the Vegetative State

INTRODUCTION CLINICAL DESCRIPTION RESTING BRAIN FUNCTION BRAIN ACTIVATION STUDIES CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 14: The Minimally Conscious State: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications

DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA BEDSIDE ASSESSMENT METHODS INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME LIFE EXPECTANCY MODELLING THE MCS: NEUROIMAGING STUDIES AND THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES CORRELATIONS OF MCS WITH STRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING IN MCS BRAIN DYNAMICS UNDERLYING BEHAVIOURAL FLUCTUATIONS IN MCS DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 15: Consciousness in the Locked-in Syndrome

DEFINITION AETIOLOGY MISDIAGNOSIS SURVIVAL AND MORTALITY PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME COMMUNICATION RESIDUAL BRAIN FUNCTION DAILY ACTIVITIES QUALITY OF LIFE THE RIGHT TO DIE OR THE RIGHT TO LIVE? CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 16: Consciousness and Dementia: How the Brain Loses Its Self

COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND DISRUPTION OF BRAIN FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE HOW THE BRAIN GETS LOST IN DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA LOSS OF INSIGHT VS. LOSS OF SIGHT HALLUCINATIONS IN DEMENTIA: WHERE DO THEY COME FROM? DELUSIONAL MISIDENTIFICATION SYNDROMES IN DEMENTIA LOSING THE MIND MAY BE LOOSENING THE BRAIN CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 17: Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication in Paralysed Patients and Implications for Disorders of Consciousness

BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES: WHAT, WHY, AND WHERETO BCI FOR COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL: TARGETED PATIENTS BRAIN–COMPUTER INTERFACING IN PATIENTS WITH MOTOR DISABILITY INVASIVE BCI NON-VISUAL BCI BCI IN DOC CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 18: Neuroethics and Disorders of Consciousness: A Pragmatic Approach to Neuropalliative Care

INTRODUCTION CLINICAL PRAGMATISM CLINICAL PRAGMATISM AND DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Section IV: Seizures, Splits, Neglects and Assorted Disorders Chapter 19: Epilepsy and Consciousness

INTRODUCTION THE ‘CONSCIOUSNESS SYSTEM’: A COMMON NETWORK FOR CONSCIOUSNESS ABSENCE SEIZURES GENERALIZED TONIC–CLONIC SEIZURES COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 20: The Left Hemisphere Does Not Miss the Right Hemisphere

INTRODUCTION ANOSOGNOSIA: THE DENIAL OF A DEFICIT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CONSCIOUSNESS THE SPLIT-BRAIN: SPECIALIZATIONS UNIQUE TO EACH HEMISPHERE THE LEFT HEMISPHERE INTERPRETER: UNIFYING THE CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE COULD TALK SUMMARY

Chapter 21: Visual Consciousness: An Updated Neurological Tour

INTRODUCTION CONSCIOUS REPORTABILITY BLINDSIGHT: HIGHLIGHTING THE ROLE OF VISUAL CORTEX VISUAL FORM AGNOSIA, OPTIC ATAXIA AND VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS: THE KEY ROLE OF THE VENTRAL PATHWAY UNILATERAL SPATIAL NEGLECT: THE NECESSITY OF ATTENTIONAL ALLOCATION SOURCE AND EFFECTS OF TOP-DOWN ATTENTIONAL EFFECTS: ATTENTION IS NOT CONSCIOUSNESS CONSCIOUSNESS IS A WORLD OF (NEURO) SCIENCE-FICTIONS A THEORETICAL SKETCH OF CONSCIOUSNESS CONCLUSION

Chapter 22: The Neurophysiology of Self-Awareness Disorders in Conversion Hysteria

INTRODUCTION CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS CONVERSION HYSTERIA AND BRAIN DISEASES NEUROBIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES BRAIN IMAGING STUDIES OF CONVERSION CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 23: Leaving Body and Life Behind: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experience

OBES NDEs COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF NDE PHENOMENA CONCLUSION

Chapter 24: The Hippocampus, Memory, and Consciousness

PROLOGUE: ROAD TRIP BACKGROUND THE NEUROLOGICAL EXAM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSCIOUSNESS THE IMPLICATIONS OF MTL DAMAGE FOR NEUROANATOMICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS THE EFFECTS OF MTL DAMAGE ON VARIOUS MENTAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSCIOUSNESS WHAT IT IS LIKE TO BE AMNESIC? CONCLUSIONS EPILOGUE: A FINAL WORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 25: Syndromes of Transient Amnesia

TRANSIENT GLOBAL AMNESIA TRANSIENT EPILEPTIC AMNESIA PSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA HEAD INJURY DRUGS TRANSIENT AMNESIA AND CONSCIOUSNESS CONCLUSION

Chapter 26: Consciousness and Aphasia

INTRODUCTION CONSCIOUSNESS AND WORKING MEMORY WHAT IS ‘INNER SPEECH’ INNER SPEECH AND ANARTHRIA INNER SPEECH IN CONDUCTION APHASIA INNER SPEECH AND DYNAMIC APHASIA TOM IN AGRAMMATISM ERROR MONITORING AND ANOSOGNOSIA IN APHASIC PATIENTS CONCLUSION

Chapter 27: Blindness and Consciousness: New Light from the Dark

WHAT CAN WE LEARN ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS FROM THE BLIND BRAIN? STUDIES IN ANIMALS STUDIES IN SIGHTED AND BLIND HUMAN SUBJECTS UNDERSTANDING WITHOUT SEEING SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVATION OF THE VISUAL CORTEX HOW BLINDNESS SHAPES THE BRAIN A DARWINIAN STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL? FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 28: The Neurology of Consciousness: An Overview

CONSCIOUSNESS AND OTHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS GLOBAL ALTERATIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS THE NEUROANATOMY OF CONSCIOUSNESS THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

Index

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