Principles of Stormwater Management by Griffin, Roger D. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author Chapter 1: Introduction to Stormwater Management

Water The Water Cycle

Key Steps Contaminant Entry Into Water Cycle

Ancient Times

Earliest Efforts at Managing Water Second Millennium bc First Millennium bc

Recent Times—ad Era Twenty-First Century Approaches

Chapter 2: Nature and Impacts of Stormwater Quality

The Global Water Budget

Distributions of Fresh versus Saline Precipitation Distributions Current Concerns and Water Uses

Nature and Impacts of Stormwater Contamination Particle Contamination Additional Impacts of Sediments

Photosynthesis and Respiration Benthic Organisms Increased Fish Mortality Rates Increases in General Turbidity Clogging of Filtration Systems

Color Chemical Impacts

Elements

Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Mercury Zinc

Complex Organic Compounds

Petroleum-Related Compounds PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) PBDE Flame Retardants Phthalates PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) DDT Dioxins Pesticide Example—Diflubenzuron (DFB)

Chapter 3: Markers and Measures of Water Quality

Markers of Stormwater Quality

Visual Observations Odors and Health Effects Quantitative Chemical Analyses

Measures of Water Quality

Quantitative Analyses—Contaminant Concentrations Mass Emissions Comparisons to Existing Background Levels

Toxicity Routes of Exposure

Defeating the Barriers Organism Routes of Entry

Ingestion Dermal Absorption

Responses to Toxic Chemicals

Skin/Scales Liver Kidneys Reproductive System Skeletal System

Variety of Toxic Effects

Synergism and Antagonism

Specific Contaminant Effects

Carcinogens Mutagens Teratogens/Reproductive Toxicants Latency

Dose–Response Relationships

The Dose–Response Curve Other Impacts—Metals

Allowable Exposure Limits Time Effects and Sensitivities

Acute versus Chronic Effects Sensitive Populations

Chapter 4: Stormwater Sources and Contaminants

Framework—The Epidemiologic Model Contaminant Sources Natural Sources

Minerals and Sediments Mechanisms of Sediment Loss Organic Matter

Point Sources Temporary Point Sources Nonpoint Sources

Nonpoint Sources and Their Contaminants Agriculture Forestry/Logging Hydromodification Marinas and Boating Abandoned Mine Drainage Roads, Highways, and Bridges Naturally Vegetated Areas Urban Land Use

Assessments

Monitoring Going Forward

Chapter 5: Stormwater Laws and Regulations

Overview and History

Rivers and Harbors Act—1899 Water Pollution Control Act—1948 Shifting Public Attitude The Clean Water Act—1972

Recent Federal Laws and Stormwater

Water Quality Act of 1987—Stormwater Specific Regulation 1997 Regulations

Point Source Industrial Dischargers Municipal Dischargers Nonpoint Sources Dischargers

Later Clean Water Act Amendments—Temporary/Construction Sources Energy Policy Act of 2005 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007—Section 438

Key Features of the Clean Water Act

Best Available Technology (BAT) Pollutant Types—Conventional, Toxic, and Priority Pollutants

The Permit System

Phase I—1990 Phase II—1999

The Permit System Today

Permit Conditions Compliance and Enforcement State Program Authorization

The Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)

Industrial SWPPPs Construction or Temporary SWPPPs

Effluent Guidelines

Levels of Treatment/Control Permit/Discharge Limits

Concentration-Based limits Pollutant Mass Discharge/Loading TMDL Example Calculation Viability Impact—Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET)

Exclusions and Exemptions to NPDES Permits

No Exposure Exclusion Oil and Gas—Stormwater Permit Exemptions Aquaculture Permitting—Small operations Exemption

Third Party Lawsuits and Court Decisions

U.S. Federal Supremacy and Supreme Court Decisions 2017 Actions Other Recent Actions

The Future

Chapter 6: Management of Point Sources

Goals and Principles

Management Systems Materials and Equipment Substitution Isolation of Contaminant Sources Good Housekeeping Storage and Transfer

Point Source Contaminant Reductions

No Discharge Option

On-site Use Subsurface Infiltration

Operational Approaches Facility Information Assessment

Legacy Pollutant Impacts Brownfield Issues

Sources

Case Study

Bypass Possibilities—Treatment Volume Reduction Best Management Practices (BMPs)

Nonstructural Controls Structural Controls

Chapter 7: Management of Construction and Temporary Sources

Key Factors in Temporary Activity Impacts

Erosion Control Sediment Control Combination Controls

The R.U.S.L.E. Formula Types of Projects Best Management Principles

Exposed Areas Soil Exposure Duration Soil Protection Velocity Reductions Volume Reductions Drainage/Soil Loss Reductions Temporary Sediment Basins Frequent Inspections

Control Technologies

Sediment Filtration Straw Wattles/Fiber Rolls Straw Bales Silt Fences Turbidity Curtains Sediment Barriers Covers

Sedimentation Systems

Traps Basins Stabilization Techniques

Other Contaminants

Oil and Grease Dissolved Organics Metals

Exit Point Controls and Nonstructural BMPs Construction Entrances and Structural BMPs Water Conveyance Protection

Culvert Protection Grate Inlet Protection Diversion Channels

Maintenance Legal Requirements for Construction Sources

The 2017 Federal Construction General Permit Authorized Discharges Prohibited Discharges Notice of Intent

Technology-Based Effluent Limitations

Factors in Designing Stormwater Controls Installation of Stormwater Controls Natural Buffers Diversions Perimeter Controls Sediment Tracking Debris and Sediment Piles Dust

Additional Measures

Protection of Storm Drain Inlets Erosion of Stormwater Conveyance and Adjacent Features Sediment Basins or Impoundments Treatment and Chemicals Training Soil Stabilization Deadlines Final Stabilization

Pollution Prevention Requirements

Vehicle Fueling and Maintenance Equipment and Vehicle Washing Storage, Handling, and Disposals

Virgin Building Materials and Products Pesticides, Herbicides, Insecticides, Fertilizers, and Landscape Materials Fuels, Oils, Petroleum Products, and Other Chemicals Hazardous Wastes

On-Site Inspections

Site Areas Response Actions Signatures and Record Keeping Corrective Action Staff Training

Postcompletion Considerations

Chapter 8: Urban and Area Source BMPs

Urban Area Issues

Urban Area Factors Sector Contributions

Streets and Highways Residences Commercial Rooftops Parking Lots and Landscaping

Source Reduction Approaches

Lead—Sources and Successful Elimination Copper—Sources and New Laws Zinc—Sources

Urban Stormwater Pollution Control Approaches Urban BMP Technology Assessments

BMP Technologies

Bioretention Systems Composite Systems Detention Basins Grass Strips Grass or Bioswales Media Filters Porous Pavements Retention and Wet Basins Wet or Wetland Channels

Other BMP Technologies The WERF Numerical Database Summary

TSS, Nutrient, and Coliform Assessments Trace Metal Assessments

Nonstructural Urban Practices

Pretreatment Elements The Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Program Agriculture and Forestry

Agriculture BMPs—Source Control and Flow Measures

Filter Strips Vegetated Grass Ways/Wet Channels Riparian Buffers Terraces Sediment Control Basins Constructed Wetlands Conservation Tillage/Crop Residue Enrichment Contour Plowing Cover Crops Irrigation Management Nutrient Management Pesticide Management Controlled Drainage

Forestry Best Management Practices

Road Grade Road Profiles Rolling Drain Dips Cross Ditches Relief Culverts And Ditches

Erosion Control Structures

Rip-Rap Slash Filter Windrows

Other Considerations

Borrow Pits Overburden Maintenance

Stream Crossings

Log Crossings Open Bottomed Structures Fords Culverts

Timber Harvesting

Shovel Logging Cable Yarding Other Activities Stream Protection Zones (SPZs) Forestry Management Plans

A Forestry Impact Success Story

Chapter 9: Stormwater Treatment Systems

Initial Assessments

First Level—Basic Contaminants Second Level—Trace Metals Third Level—Specific Organic Compounds Fourth Level—Groups of Compounds Fifth Level—Total Mass Discharges—TMDLs Toxicity—The Worst Case Cost Requirements

Treatment Volumes and Flow Rates

Flow Rates Bypass Possibilities Multiple Outfalls

Design Storm Standards for Treatment Systems

Volume-Based Treatment Flow-Based Treatment Flow Monitoring

Sources of Information

Data Gathering—Plant Data—Phase 1 Regulatory or Governmental Data Sources—Phase 2 Outside Vendors—Phase 3 Questions to Ask

Treatment Approaches

Unit Operations

Phase Separation—Oil and Water Phase Separation—Solids

Settling Basins Mechanical Filtration Combination Chemical and Mechanical Treatment Plants Sorption Processes Ion Exchange

Emerging Technologies

Successful Case Study Treatment System Concerns

Chapter 10: Emerging Issues in Stormwater Quality

Atmospheric Deposition

Early Studies—Dustfall and Stormwater Quality—1970s Recent Study—Dustfall and Stormwater Quality

Sites Chosen Deposition Rates Stormwater Discharge Impacts from Deposition

Run-On Contributions

Field Studies Standards Exceeded

Snowmelt

Geogenic Sources of Snow and Ice Contamination

Historic Volcanic Eruptions and Their Impacts Transcontinental Pollutant Impacts

Anthropogenic Contributions to Stored Contamination

Risk Reduction Tradeoffs Salts and Sand

Deicing Applications Other Societal Contaminants Recent University Research Snowmelt Study—2017

Locations Sampled Approach

Results of 2017 Field Testing Alternative Strategies—Snow Melt Issues

Conclusions and Closure

Glossary Appendix Index

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →