Log In
Or create an account ->
Imperial Library
Home
About
News
Upload
Forum
Help
Login/SignUp
Index
Ethernet: The Definitive Guide
Preface
Ethernet Is Everywhere
Cost
Scalability
Reliability
Widely Available Management Tools
Design for Reliability
Downtime is Expensive
How to Use This Book
Organization of This Book
Disclaimer
Conventions Used in This Book
Safari® Books Online
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
I. Introduction to Ethernet
1. The Evolution of Ethernet
History of Ethernet
The Aloha Network
The Invention of Ethernet
Reinventing Ethernet
Reinventing Ethernet for Twisted-Pair Media
Reinventing Ethernet for 100 Mb/s
Reinventing Ethernet for 1000 Mb/s
Reinventing Ethernet for 10, 40, and 100 Gb/s
Reinventing Ethernet for New Capabilities
Ethernet Switches
The Future of Ethernet
2. IEEE Ethernet Standards
Evolution of the Ethernet Standard
Ethernet Media Standards
IEEE Supplements
Draft Standards
Differences Between DIX and IEEE Standards
Organization of IEEE Standards
The Seven Layers of OSI
IEEE Sublayers Within the OSI Model
Levels of Compliance
The Effect of Standards Compliance
IEEE Media System Identifiers
10 Megabit per Second (Mb/s) Media Systems
100 Mb/s Media Systems
1000 Mb/s Media Systems
10 Gb/s Media Systems
40 Gb/s Media Systems
100 Gb/s Media Systems
3. The Ethernet System
The Four Basic Elements of Ethernet
The Ethernet Frame
The Media Access Control Protocol
Multicast and broadcast addresses
The CSMA/CD protocol
Collisions
Hardware
Signaling components
Media components
Network Protocols and Ethernet
Best-Effort Delivery
Design of Network Protocols
Protocol Encapsulation
Internet Protocol and Ethernet Addresses
Operation of the ARP protocol
Reaching a station on a separate network
Looking Ahead
4. The Ethernet Frame and Full-Duplex Mode
The Ethernet Frame
Preamble
Destination Address
Understanding physical addresses
Source Address
Q-Tag
Envelope Prefix and Suffix
Type or Length Field
Data Field
FCS Field
End of Frame Detection
Full-Duplex Media Access Control
Full-Duplex Operation
Effects of Full-Duplex Operation
Configuring Full-Duplex Operation
Full-Duplex Media Support
Full-Duplex Media Segment Distances
Ethernet Flow Control
PAUSE Operation
High-Level Protocols and the Ethernet Frame
Multiplexing Data in Frames
IEEE Logical Link Control
The LLC Sub-Network Access Protocol
5. Auto-Negotiation
Development of Auto-Negotiation
Auto-Negotiation for Fiber Optic Media
Basic Concepts of Auto-Negotiation
Auto-Negotiation Signaling
FLP Burst Operation
Auto-Negotiation Operation
Parallel Detection
Operation of Parallel Detection
Parallel Detection and Duplex Mismatch
Auto-Negotiation Completion Timing
Auto-Negotiation and Cabling Issues
Limiting Ethernet Speed over Category 3 Cable
Cable Issues and Gigabit Ethernet Auto-Negotiation
Crossover Cables and Auto-Negotiation
1000BASE-X Auto-Negotiation
Auto-Negotiation Commands
Disabling Auto-Negotiation
Auto-Negotiation Debugging
General Debugging Information
Media converters and Auto-Negotiation
Debugging Tools and Commands
Troubleshooting Auto-Negotiation
Developing a Link Configuration Policy
Link Configuration Policies for Enterprise Networks
Issues with Manual Configuration
6. Power Over Ethernet
Power Over Ethernet Standards
Goals of the PoE Standard
Devices That May Be Powered Over Ethernet
Benefits of PoE
PoE Device Roles
PoE Type Parameters
PoE Operation
Power Detection
Power Classification
Physical layer classification method
Data link layer classification method
Mutual identification
Link Power Maintenance
Power Fault Monitoring
PoE and Cable Pairs
PoE and Ethernet Cabling
Modifying cabling specifications
PoE Power Management
PoE Power Requirements
PoE Port Management
PoE Monitoring and Power Policing
Vendor Extensions to the Standard
Cisco UPoE
Microsemi EEPoE
Power over HDBaseT (POH)
II. Ethernet Media Systems
7. Ethernet Media Signaling and Energy Efficient Ethernet
Media Independent Interfaces
Ethernet PHY Components
Ethernet Signal Encoding
Baseband Signaling Issues
Baseline Wander and Signal Encoding
Advanced Signaling Techniques
Ethernet Interface
Higher-Speed Ethernet Interfaces
Energy Efficient Ethernet
IEEE EEE Standard
EEE media systems
EEE Operation
EEE states
Managing EEE
EEE negotiation
Impact of EEE Operation on Latency
EEE Power Savings
EEE power savings in an interface
EEE power savings in a switch
8. 10 Mb/s Ethernet
10BASE-T Media System
10BASE-T Ethernet Interface
Signal Polarity and Polarity Reversal
10BASE-T Signal Encoding
Physical line signaling
10BASE-T Media Components
UTP cable
10BASE-T segments longer than 100 meters
Twisted-pair impedance rating
Eight-position RJ45-style jack connectors
Connecting a Station to 10BASE-T Ethernet
10BASE-T Link Integrity Test
10BASE-T Configuration Guidelines
Fiber Optic Media Systems (10BASE-F)
Old and New Fiber Link Segments
10BASE-FL Signaling Components
10BASE-FL Ethernet Interface
10BASE-FL Signal Encoding
Physical line signaling
10BASE-FL Media Components
10BASE-FL Fiber Optic Characteristics
Alternate 10BASE-FL Fiber Optic Cables
Fiber Optic Connectors
Connecting a 10BASE-FL Ethernet Segment
10BASE-FL Link Integrity Test
10BASE-FL Configuration Guidelines
Longer 10 Mb/s fiber segments
9. 100 Mb/s Ethernet
100BASE-X Media Systems
Fast Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (100BASE-TX)
100BASE-TX Signaling Components
100BASE-TX Ethernet Interface
100BASE-TX Signal Encoding
100BASE-X encoding
100BASE-TX physical line signaling
100BASE-TX Media Components
UTP cable
Eight-position RJ45-style jack connectors
100BASE-TX Link Integrity Test
100BASE-TX Configuration Guidelines
Fast Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems (100BASE-FX)
100BASE-FX Signaling Components
100BASE-FX Signal Encoding
Physical line signaling
100BASE-FX Media Components
Fiber optic cable
Fiber optic connectors
100BASE-FX transceivers
100BASE-FX Fiber Optic Characteristics
Alternate 100BASE-FX Fiber Optic Cables
100BASE-FX Link Integrity Test
100BASE-FX Configuration Guidelines
Long Fiber Segments
10. Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (1000BASE-T)
1000BASE-T Signaling Components
1000BASE-T Signal Encoding
Signaling and data rate
Signal clocking
1000BASE-T cabling requirements
1000BASE-T Media Components
UTP cable
Eight-position RJ45-style jack connectors
1000BASE-T Link Integrity Test
1000BASE-T Configuration Guidelines
Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems (1000BASE-X)
1000BASE-X Signaling Components
1000BASE-X Link Integrity Test
1000BASE-X Signal Encoding
Physical line signaling
1000BASE-X Media Components
Fiber optic cable
Fiber optic connectors
1000BASE-X transceivers
1000BASE-X Fiber Optic Specifications
1000BASE-SX Loss Budget
1000BASE-LX Loss Budget
1000BASE-LX/LH Long Haul Loss Budget
1000BASE-SX and 1000BASE-LX Configuration Guidelines
Differential Mode Delay
Mode-Conditioning Patch Cord
11. 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Standards Architecture
10 Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (10GBASE-T)
10GBASE-T Signaling Components
10GBASE-T Signal Encoding
Signaling and data rate
Signal clocking
10GBASE-T cabling requirements
10GBASE-T Media Components
Eight-position RJ45-style jack connectors
10GBASE-T Link Integrity Test
10GBASE-T Configuration Guidelines
10GBASE-T Short-Reach Mode
10GBASE-T Signal Latency
10 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Cable Media Systems (10GBASE-CX4)
10 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Direct Attach Cable Media Systems (10GSFP+Cu)
10GSFP+Cu Signaling Components
10GSFP+Cu Signal Encoding
10GSFP+Cu Link Integrity Test
10GSFP+Cu Configuration Guidelines
10 Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems
10 Gigabit LAN PHYs
10 Gb/s Fiber Optic Media Specifications
10 Gigabit WAN PHYs
12. 40 Gigabit Ethernet
Architecture of 40 Gb/s Ethernet
PCS Lanes
PCS lane design and operation
Multiple PCS lanes are not aggregated links
40 Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems (40GBASE-T)
40 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Cable Media Systems (40GBASE-CR4)
40GBASE-CR4 Signaling Components
40GBASE-CR4 Signal Encoding
QSFP+ Connectors and Multiple 10 Gb/s Interfaces
40 Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems
40 Gb/s Fiber Optic Media Specifications
40GBASE-SR4 media specifications
40GBASE-LR4 media specifications
Vendor-specific short-range media specifications
Vendor-specific bidirectional short-range optical transceivers
40GBASE-LR4 Wavelengths
40 Gigabit Extended Range
13. 100 Gigabit Ethernet
Architecture of 100 Gb/s Ethernet
PCS Lanes
PCS lane design and operation
100 Gigabit Ethernet Twisted-Pair Media Systems
100 Gigabit Ethernet Short Copper Cable Media Systems (100GBASE-CR10)
100GBASE-CR10 Signal Encoding
100 Gigabit Ethernet Fiber Optic Media Systems
Cisco CPAK Module for 100 Gigabit Ethernet
100 Gb/s Fiber Optic Media Specifications
100GBASE-SR10 short-reach media system specifications
100GBASE-LR4 long-reach media systems specifications
100GBASE-LR4 wavelengths
100GBASE-ER4 media specifications
14. 400 Gigabit Ethernet
400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group
400 Gb/s Standardization
Proposed 400 Gb/s Operation
III. Building an Ethernet System
15. Structured Cabling
Structured Cabling Systems
The ANSI/TIA/EIA Cabling Standards
Solving the Problems of Proprietary Cabling Systems
ISO and TIA Standards
The ANSI/TIA Structured Cabling Documents
Elements of the Structured Cabling Standards
Star Topology
Twisted-Pair Categories
Minimum Cabling Recommendation
Ethernet and the Category System
Horizontal Cabling
Horizontal Channel and Basic Link
Cabling and Component Specifications
Category 5 and 5e Cable Testing and Mitigation
Cable Administration
Identifying Cables and Components
Class 1 Labeling Scheme
Documenting the Cabling System
Building the Cabling System
Cabling System Challenges
16. Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors
Horizontal Cable Segment Components
Twisted-Pair Cables
Twisted-Pair Cable Signal Crosstalk
Twisted-Pair Cable Construction
Plenum cable identifiers
Shielded and unshielded twisted-pair cable
Shielded twisted-pair naming conventions
Twisted-Pair Installation Practices
Eight-Position (RJ45-Style) Jack Connectors
Four-Pair Wiring Schemes
Tip and Ring
Color Codes
Wiring Sequence
Modular Patch Panels
Work Area Outlets
Twisted-Pair Patch Cables
Twisted-Pair Patch Cable Quality
Telephone-Grade Patch Cables
Twisted-Pair Ethernet and Telephone Signals
Equipment Cables
50-Pin Connectors and 25-Pair Cables
25-Pair Cable Harmonica Connectors
Building a Twisted-Pair Patch Cable
Installing an RJ45 Plug
Ethernet Signal Crossover
10BASE-T and 100BASE-T Crossover Cables
Four-Pair Crossover Cables
Auto-Negotiation and MDIX Failures
Identifying a Crossover Cable
17. Fiber Optic Cables and Connectors
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Core Diameters
Fiber Optic Modes
Fiber Optic Bandwidth
Fiber Optic Loss Budget
Estimating the static optical loss
Fiber Optic Connectors
ST Connectors
SC Connectors
LC Connectors
MPO Connectors
Building Fiber Optic Cables
Fiber Optic Color Codes
Signal Crossover in Fiber Optic Systems
Signal Crossover in MPO Cables
IV. Ethernet Switches and Network Design
18. Ethernet Switches
Basic Switch Functions
Bridges and Switches
What Is a Switch?
Operation of Ethernet Switches
Address Learning
Traffic Filtering
Frame Flooding
Broadcast and Multicast Traffic
Broadcast and multicast forwarding
Uses of broadcast and multicast
Combining Switches
Forwarding Loops
The Spanning Tree Protocol
Spanning tree packets
Choosing a root bridge
Choosing the least-cost path
Blocking loop paths
Spanning tree port states
Switch Performance Issues
Packet Forwarding Performance
Switch Port Memory
Switch CPU and RAM
Switch Specifications
Basic Switch Features
Switch Management
Simple Network Management Protocol
Packet Mirror Ports
Switch Traffic Filters
Managing switch filters
Virtual LANs
802.1Q VLAN standard
Linking VLANs
802.1Q Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
Quality of Service (QoS)
19. Network Design with Ethernet Switches
Advantages of Switches in Network Designs
Improved Network Performance
Switch Hierarchy and Uplink Speeds
Uplink Speeds and Traffic Congestion
Multiple Conversations
Switch Traffic Bottlenecks
Hierarchical Network Design
Seven-hop maximum
Network Resiliency with Switches
Spanning Tree and Network Resiliency
Cost and complexity of resiliency
Routers
Operation and Use of Routers
Routers or Bridges?
Special-Purpose Switches
Multilayer Switches
Access Switches
Stacking Switches
Industrial Ethernet Switches
Wireless Access Point Switches
Internet Service Provider Switches
Metro Ethernet
Data Center Switches
Data center port speeds
Data center switch types
Data center oversubscription
Data center switch fabrics
Data center switch resiliency
Advanced Switch Features
Traffic Flow Monitoring
sFlow and NetFlow
Power over Ethernet
V. Performance and Troubleshooting
20. Ethernet Performance
Performance of an Ethernet Channel
Performance of Half-Duplex Ethernet Channels
Persistent Myths About Half-Duplex Ethernet Performance
Simulations of Half-Duplex Ethernet Channel Performance
Measuring Ethernet Performance
Measurement Time Scale
Data Throughput Versus Bandwidth
Maximum data rates on Ethernet
Network performance for the user
Performance for the network manager
Network Design for Best Performance
Switches and Network Bandwidth
Growth of Network Bandwidth
Changes in Application Requirements
Designing for the Future
21. Network Troubleshooting
Reliable Network Design
Network Documentation
Equipment Manuals
System Monitoring and Baselines
The Troubleshooting Model
Fault Detection
Gathering Information
Fault Isolation
Determining the Network Path
Duplicating the Symptom
Binary Search Isolation
Dividing network systems
Troubleshooting Twisted-Pair Systems
Twisted-Pair Troubleshooting Tools
Common Twisted-Pair Problems
Twisted-pair patch cables
50-pin connectors and hydra cables
Twisted-pair segment cabling
Troubleshooting Fiber Optic Systems
Fiber Optic Troubleshooting Tools
Common Fiber Optic Problems
Data Link Troubleshooting
Collecting Data Link Information
Collecting Information with Probes
Network-Layer Troubleshooting
VI. Appendixes
A. Resources
Cable and Connector Suppliers
Cable Testers
Cabling Information
Ethernet Jumbo Frames
Ethernet Media Converters
Ethernet OUIs or Vendor Codes
List of OUIs Maintained by the IEEE
List of OUIs Compiled by Volunteers
Ethernet Bridging and the Spanning Tree Protocol
Layer 2 Network Failure Modes
Cisco Validated Design Guides
Ethernet Switches
Network Protocol Analyzers
Network Management Information
Requests for Comments (RFCs)
Power over Ethernet
Standards Documents and Standards Organizations
OSI Model
BICSI
Fibre Channel Standards
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) Standard
IEEE 802.1 Bridge and Switch Standards
Telecommunications Cabling Standards
Other Standards Organizations
Switch Performance
Switch Latency
Switch and Network Management
Traffic Flow Monitoring
B. Half-Duplex Operation with CSMA/CD
Media Access Control Rules
Essential Media System Timing
Ethernet Slot Time
Slot Time and Network Diameter
Use of the Slot Time
Slot Time and Minimum Frame Length
Collision Detection and Backoff
Collision Propaganda
Operation of Collision Detection
Collision detection by media systems
Late Collisions
Common causes of late collisions
The Collision Backoff Algorithm
Operation of the Backoff Algorithm
Choosing a Backoff Time
Collision Domains
Ethernet Channel Capture
Operation of Channel Capture
Channel Capture Example
Long-Term Fairness
A Fix for Channel Capture?
Gigabit Ethernet Half-Duplex Operation
Gigabit Ethernet Half-Duplex Network Diameter
Looking for Bit Times
Carrier Extension
Frame Bursting
Frame bursting and shared-channel efficiency
C. External Transceivers
The Data Terminal Equipment
The Attachment Unit Interface
The AUI Slide Latch
Problems with the sliding latch
AUI Signals
The AUI Transceiver Cable
The Medium Attachment Unit
Transceiver Jabber Protection
The SQE Test Signal
Operation of SQE Test
Ethernet Stations and SQE Test
The AUI Port Concentrator
Port Concentrator Guidelines
Calculating port concentrator cable length
Problems with Concentrators
Cascaded Port Concentrators
SQE Test and the Port Concentrator
The Medium Dependent Interface
The Media Independent Interface
The MII Connector
MII connector signals
MII Transceivers and Cables
MII jabber protection
MII SQE Test
Glossary
Index
Colophon
Copyright
← Prev
Back
Next →
← Prev
Back
Next →