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CONTENTS
PREFACE
PART ONE: JAPANESE GRAMMAR: AN OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Word order and particles
Verb morphology
Counters
Honorifics
ACCENTS
1. High-Low pattern
2. Low-High pattern
3. Low-High-Low pattern
ADJECTIVAL NOUNS
1. Used as noun modifiers
2. Used as predicates
3. Followed by a predicative phrase
4. Used as nouns
5. Used as adverbs
6. Used as a complement
7. Additional types of adjectival nouns
ADJECTIVES
1. Dictionary form
2. Ku-form
3. Nai-form
4. Ta-form
5. Te-form
6. Ba-form
7. Tara-form
8. Root
ADVERBS
1. Adjective root + ku
2. (Adjectival) nouns
3. Adjectival nouns + ni
4. Mimetic words and onomatopoeias
5. Additional types of adverbs
AUXILIARY VERBS & ADJECTIVES
1. Auxiliary verbs
2. Auxiliary adjectives
CLAUSES
I. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES
1. Relative clauses
2. Noun complement clauses
II. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
III. QUOTATION CLAUSES
1. Declarative quotation clauses
2. Interrogative quotation clauses
IV. NOMINALIZED CLAUSES
COMPARISONS
1. Comparatives
2. Superlatives
3. Equivalent degree comparison
CONDITIONALS
1. To
2. Tara
3. Ba
4. Nara
CONJOINING
1. Conjunctional particles for nouns and nominalized verbs
2. Te-forms
3. Combining forms
4. Conjunctional particles for clauses
5. Sentence-conjunctional words
DEMONSTRATIVES
HONORIFICS
I. FOR NOUNS
1. The prefixes o and go
2. Honorific suffixes san and sama
3. Honorific pronouns and interrogatives
II. FOR ADJECTIVAL NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
III. FOR VERBS
1. (R)areru (respectful)
2. O/go . . . suru (humble)
3. O/go . . . nasaru/ni naru/desu (respectful)
4. Honorific verbs
INTERROGATIVES
I. INTERROGATIVES USED IN CONTENT QUESTIONS
II. INTERROGATIVES USED IN INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
1. Interrogative + ka (some/any)
2. Interrogative + mo + . . . nai (no)
3. Interrogative + mo (every/all)
4. Interrogative + demo (free-choice ‘any’)
LINKING VERB (DA/DESU)
NUMBERS & COUNTERS
NOUNS
1. Proper nouns
2. Common nouns
3. Nouns created from verbs
4. Nouns created from adjectives
5. Compound nouns
6. Personal pronouns
7. Demonstrative pronouns (→ See Demonstratives.)
PARTICLES
I. PARTICLE TYPES
1. Case particles
2. Focus particles
3. Conjunctional particles
4. Sentence-final particles
II. ENGLISH PREPOSITION EQUIVALENTS
1. About
2. Above
3. Across
4. After
5. Along
6. Among
7. Around
8. At
9. Before
10. Behind
11. Below
12. Beside
13. Besides
14. Between
15. By
16. During
17. Except
18. For
19. From
20. In
21. Into
22. Near
23. Of
24. On
25. Onto
26. Over
27. Since
28. Through
29. Throughout
30. To
31. Toward
32. Under
33. Until
34. With
35. Within
36. Without
PREDICATIVE PHRASES
QUESTIONS
1. Yes-no questions
2. Content questions
3. Embedded questions
REQUESTS
VERBS
I. CONJUGATION CLASSES
1. Ru -Verbs
2. U-Verbs
3. Irregular Verbs
II. VERB FORMS
1. Dictionary form
2. Nai-form
3. Combining form (Pre-masu form)
4. Masu-form
5. Te-form
6. Ta-form
7. Ba-form
8. Tara-form
9. Potential form
10. Passive form
11. Respectful form
12. Command form
13. Volitional form
14. Causative form
15. Causative passive form
III. VERB TYPES
1. Transitive and intransitive verbs
2. Verbs of giving and receiving
3. Spontaneous-Potential verbs
4. Suru-verbs
IV. VERB TENSE
PART TWO: DICTIONARY OF USAGE
achira あちら → See are.
ageru あげる [AUXILIARY VERB]
ageru あげる [VERB]
aida 間 [NOUN]
aikawarazu あいかわらず [ADVERB]
amari あまり [ADJECTIVAL NOUN]
amari あまり [ADVERB]
angai 案外 [ADVERB]
an no jō 案の定 [ADVERB]
ano あの → See are.
arakajime あらかじめ [ADVERB]
are あれ [DEMONSTRATIVE]
arimasen ありません [POLITE NEGATIVE VERB]
arimasu あります → See aru [VERB].
aru ある [AUXILIARY VERB]
aru ある(或る) [PREFIX]
aru ある [VERB]
aruiwa あるいは(或いは) [CONJUNCTION/ADVERB]
asoko あそこ → See are.
ato 後 [NOUN]
au 合う [AUXILIARY VERB]
ba ば [PARTICLE]
ba . . . hodo ば . . . ほど [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
bāi 場合 [NOUN]
bakari ばかり [PARTICLE]
ban 番 [NOUN]
ban 番 [SUFFIX]
beki da べきだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
bun 分 [NOUN]
cha ちゃ(ja じゃ) [CONTRACTION]
chau ちゃう(jau じゃう) [CONTRACTION]
chittomo ちっとも [ADVERB]
chō 超 [PREFIX]
chōdai ちょうだい(頂戴) [VERB]
chōdo ちょうど [ADVERB]
chokugo 直後 [NOUN]
chokuzen 直前 [NOUN]
chotto ちょっと [ADVERB]
chū ni 中に [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
da だ [LINKING VERB]
daga だが [CONJUNCTION]
dakara だから [CONJUNCTION]
dake だけ [PARTICLE]
dakedo だけど [CONJUNCTION]
dare だれ [INTERROGATIVE]
darō だろう [LINKING VERB OF CONJECTURE]
dasu 出す [AUXILIARY VERB]
datte だって [CONJUNCTION]
datte だって [PARTICLE]
de で [PARTICLE]
de aru である [(WRITTEN STYLE) LINKING VERB]
dekiru できる [VERB]
demo でも [CONJUNCTION]
demo でも [PARTICLE ]
deshō でしょう → See darō
desu です → See da.
dewa では [CONJUNCTION]
dewa では [DOUBLE PARTICLE]
dō どう [INTERROGATIVE]
dochira どちら [INTERROGATIVE]
doko どこ [INTERROGATIVE]
dokoro de(wa) nai どころで(は)ない [PRED. PHR.]
dokoro ka どころか [PHRASE]
dōmo どうも [ADVERB]
donna どんな [INTERROGATIVE]
dono どの → See dore.
dono kurai どのくらい [INTERROGATIVE]
dore どれ [INTERROGATIVE]
dōshite どうして [INTERROGATIVE]
dōshitemo どうしても [ADVERB]
dōzo どうぞ [ADVERB]
e へ [ PARTICLE]
fu 不 [PREFIX]
ga が [PARTICLE]
garu がる [ADJECTIVE SUFFIX]
go ご(御) [PREFIX]
goro 頃 [SUFFIX]
gurai ぐらい → See kurai.
hajimeru 始める [AUXILIARY VERB]
hajimete はじめて [ADVERB]
han 半 [NOUN]
han 反 [PREFIX]
hazu da はずだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
hazu ga nai はずがない [PRED. P.] → See hazu da.
hō 方 [NOUN]
hodo ほど [PARTICLE]
hō ga ii 方がいい [PRED. P.]
hoka ほか [NOUN]
hoka nai ほかない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
hoshii 欲しい [ADJECTIVE]
hoshii 欲しい [AUXILIARY ADJECTIVE]
hotondo ほとんど [ADVERB]
ichiban いちばん [ADVERB]
igai 以外 [NOUN]
igo 以後 [NOUN]
ijō 以上 [NOUN]
ikenai いけない [ADJECTIVE]
ikō 以降 [NOUN]
iku いく [AUXILIARY VERB]
ikura . . . temo/demo いくら…ても/でも [ADV.P]
inai 以内 [NOUN]
irai 以来 [CONJUNCTION]
irassharu いらっしゃる [AUXILIARY VERB]
irassharu いらっしゃる [VERB]
iru いる [AUXILIARY VERB]
iru いる [VERB]
isshoni 一緒に [ADVERB]
itadaku いただく [AUXILIARY VERB]
itadaku いただく [VERB]
itsu いつ [INTERROGATIVE]
ittan いったん [ADVERB]
ja (jā) じゃ（じゃあ）[CONJ.] → See dewa.
ja じゃ [CONTRACTION]
jū 中 [NOUN]
ka か [PARTICLE]
kagiri 限り [NOUN]
kakeru かける [AUXILIARY VERB]
kamawanai かまわない [ADJECTIVE]
kamoshirenai かもしれない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
kana かな [PARTICLE]
kanarazushimo 必ずしも [ADVERB]
kara から [PARTICLE]
kashira かしら → See kana.
kata 方 [NOUN]
kawari ni 代わりに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
kekka 結果 [NOUN/CONJUNCTION]
kekkō 結構 [ADJECTIVAL NOUN]
keredo(mo) けれど(も) [CONJUNCTION]
kesshite 決して [ADVERB]
koko ここ → See kore.
komu 込む [AUXILIARY VERB]
kore これ [DEMONSTRATIVE]
koso こそ [PARTICLE]
koto こと [NOUN and NOMINALIZER]
koto ga aru ことがある [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
koto ga dekiru ことができる [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
koto ni naru ことになる [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
koto ni suru ことにする [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
kudasai ください [AUXILIARY VERB]
kudasaru くださる [AUXILIARY VERB]
kudasaru くださる [VERB]
kurai くらい [PARTICLE]
kureru くれる [AUXILIARY VERB]
kureru くれる [VERB]
kuru くる [AUXILIARY VERB]
kuse ni くせに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
mada まだ [ADVERB]
made まで [PARTICLE]
made ni までに [DOUBLE PARTICLE]
mae 前 [NOUN]
maru まる [ADJECTIVE SUFFIX]
marude まるで [ADVERB]
masen ません → See masu.
masen ka ませんか → See masu.
mashō ましょう → See masu.
masu ます [VERB SUFFIX]
mattaku まったく [ADVERB]
mawaru まわる [AUXILIARY VERB]
me 目 [SUFFIX]
mettani めったに [ADVERB]
miru みる [AUXILIARY VERB]
mitai da みたいだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
mo も [PARTICLE]
mō もう [ADVERB]
mono もの(物，者) [NOUN]
mono da ものだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
morau もらう [AUXILIARY VERB]
morau もらう [VERB]
moshi もし [ADVERB]
mottomo もっとも [ADVERB]
n ん [NEGATIVE VERB SUFFIX]
na な [ PARTICLE]
nado など [PARTICLE]
nagara ながら [PARTICLE]
nai ない [ADJ.; VERB/ADJECTIVE SUFFIX]
nai de ないで [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
nai uchi ni ないうちに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
nakereba ikenai /nakereba naranai なければいけない / なければならない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
nakute なくて [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
nakutemo ii なくてもいい [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
nakutewa ikenai なくてはいけない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
nan なん [INTERROGATIVE]
nani 何 [INTERROGATIVE]
naosu 直す [AUXILIARY VERB]
nara なら [PARTICLE]
naru なる [VERB]
nasai なさい [AUXILIARY VERB]
naze なぜ [INTERROGATIVE]
nazenaraba なぜならば [CONJUNCTION]
n da んだ → See no da.
n desu んです → See no da.
ne ね [PARTICLE]
neba naranai ねばならない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
ni に [PARTICLE]
ni chigai nai に違いない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
ni kakete にかけて [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni kanshite に関して [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
nikui にくい [AUXILIARY ADJECTIVE]
nimo kakawarazu にもかかわらず [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni oite において [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni sotte に沿って [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni taishite に対して [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni totte にとって [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni tsuite について [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni tsurete につれて [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni yoreba によれば [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni yotte によって [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
ni wa には [DOUBLE PARTICLE]
no の [PARTICLE]
no da のだ [EXTENDED PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
node ので [PARTICLE]
no desu のです → See no da.
nogasu 逃す [AUXILIARY VERB]
noni のに [PARTICLE]
o を [PARTICLE]
o お(御) [PREFIX]
okage de おかげで [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
oki ni おきに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
oku おく [AUXILIARY VERB]
o motte をもって [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
oru おる [(AUXILIARY) VERB]
o tōshite を通して [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
o tsūjite を通じて [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
owaru 終わる [AUXILIARY VERB]
owaru 終わる [VERB]
ppoi っぽい [NOUN/VERB/ADJECTIVE SUFFIX]
rareru [VERB SUFFIX]
rashii らしい [PRED. P. (CONJECTURE)]
rashii らしい [PRED. P. (TYPICALITY)]
ro ろ [VERB SUFFIX]
ru る [VERB SUFFIX]
(s)aseru させる [VERB SUFFIX]
sashiageru さしあげる [AUXILIARY VERB]
sashiageru さしあげる [VERB]
(s)asu さす → See (s)aseru.
sei de せいで [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
shi し [PARTICLE]
shika しか [PARTICLE]
shikashi しかし → See demo.
shimauしまう [AUXILIARY VERB]
shiru 知る [VERB]
sō da そうだ [PRED. P. (CONJECTURE)]
sō da そうだ [PRED. P. (HEARSAY)]
sōiu そういう [ADJECTIVAL PHRASE]
soko そこ → See sore.
sokonau 損なう [AUXILIARY VERB]
sō ni natta そうになった [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
sono その → See sore.
sore それ [DEMONSTRATIVE]
sorede それで [CONJUNCTION]
sorehodo それほど [ADVERB]
sorekara それから [CONJUNCTION]
soreni それに [CONJUNCTION]
sorezore それぞれ [ADVERB]
soshite そして [CONJUNCTION]
sōsuruto そうすると [CONJUNCTION]
sugiru 過ぎる [AUXILIARY VERB]
sukoshi 少し [ADVERB]
suru する [VERB]
ta た [VERB/ADJECTIVE SUFFIX]
tabi ni 度に [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
tai たい [VERB SUFFIX]
tame ni ために [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
tara たら [PARTICLE]
tari たり [PARTICLE]
te て [PARTICLE]
te ageru てあげる → See ageru.
te aru てある → See aru.
te hoshii てほしい → See hoshii.
te iku ていく → See iku.
te iru ている → See iru.
te kara てから → See kara.
teki 的 [NOUN SUFFIX]
te kuru てくる → See kuru.
te masu てます → See iru.
te miru てみる → See miru.
temo/demo ても/でも [PARTICLE]
temo ii / demo ii てもいい / でもいい [PRED. P.]
te oku ておく → See oku.
te shimau てしまう → See shimau.
tewa ikenai /dewa ikenai ては いけない/ではいけない [P. P.]
to と [PARTICLE]
to iu という [ADJECTIVAL PHRASE]
to ka とか [PARTICLE]
toki 時 [NOUN]
tokoro ところ（所）[NOUN]
tokoro ga ところが [CONJUNCTION]
to omou と思う [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
to shitemo としても [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
to sureba とすれば [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
totemo とても [ADVERB]
tsu つ [ VERB SUFFIX]
tsui つい [ADVERB]
tsuide ni ついでに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
tsumori da つもりだ [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
tsuzukeru 続ける [AUXILIARY VERB]
tte って [INFORMAL PARTICLE]
uchi de / uchi kara うちで／うちから [ADV. P.]
uchi ni うちに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
wa は [PARTICLE]
wake わけ [NOUN]
wo を → See o.
wo motte をもって → See o motte.
wo tōshite を通して → See o tōshite.
ya や [PARTICLE]
yara やら [PARTICLE]
yaru やる [AUXILIARY VERB]
yaru やる [VERB]
yasui やすい [AUXILIARY ADJECTIVE]
yo よ [PARTICLE]
yō 用 [NOUN SUFFIX]
(y)ō よう [VERB SUFFIX]
yō da ようだ [PRED. P. (CONJECTURE)]
yō da ようだ [PRED. P. (RESEMBLANCE)]
yō ni iu ように言う [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
yō ni naru ようになる [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
yō ni suru ようにする [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
yori より [PARTICLE]
yoroshii よろしい [ADJECTIVE]
zaru o enai ざるを得ない [PREDICATIVE PHRASE]
zenzen 全然 [ADVERB]
zu ni ずに [ADVERBIAL PHRASE]
APPENDICES
1. List of Common Adjectival Nouns
2. List of Common Adjectives
3. List of Common Adverbs
4. List of Common Counters
Pronunciation of some counter phrases
5. List of Common Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Ru-verbs that end with iru
Ru-verbs that end with eru
U-verbs
U-verbs that end wih iru
U-verbs that end with eru
Suru-verbs made of Sino-Japanese compounds
Transitive/Intransitive pairs
6. List of Selected Nouns
Nouns made of verbs in the combining form
Compound nouns with verbs in the combining form
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