Swift for Programmers (Deitel Developer Series) by Deitel, Paul J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

About This eBook Title Page Copyright Page Deitel® Series Page

Deitel® Developer Series How To Program Series Simply Series CourseSmart Web Books LiveLessons Video Learning Products

Dedication Page Contents Preface

Swift Programming Language Software Used in Swift for Programmers Swift Fundamentals: Parts I, II and III LiveLessons Video Training Explosive Growth of the iPhone and iPad Is Creating Opportunity for Developers Our Research Sources Teaching Approach Acknowledgments

Deitel Team Pearson Education Team Reviewers A Special Thank You to Reviewer Charles Brown Keeping in Touch with the Authors

About the Authors About Deitel® & Associates, Inc.

Before You Begin

Conventions

Font and Naming

Conventions for Referencing Menu Items in a Menu Software Used in this Book

A Note Regarding the Xcode 6 Toolbar Icons

Becoming a Registered Apple Developer Fee-Based iOS Developer Programs

iOS Developer Program iOS Developer Enterprise Program iOS Developer University Program

Adding Your Paid iOS Developer Program Account to Xcode Obtaining the Code Examples Xcode Playgrounds and Projects for the Code Examples

Use Playgrounds for Learning Viewing Output in a Playground Playground and Project Naming Conventions

Configuring Xcode to Display Line Numbers

1. Introduction to Swift and Xcode 6

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Apple’s OS X® and iOS® Operating Systems: A Brief History 1.3 Objective-C 1.4 Swift: Apple’s Programming Language of the Future

1.4.1 Key Features of Many Popular Languages 1.4.2 Performance 1.4.3 Error Prevention 1.4.4 Swift Standard Library 1.4.5 Swift Apps and the Cocoa® and Cocoa Touch® Frameworks 1.4.6 Swift and Objective-C Interoperability 1.4.7 Other Apple Swift Resources

1.5 Can I Use Swift Exclusively?

1.5.1 Objective-C Programmers Who Are Developing New iOS and OS X Apps 1.5.2 Objective-C Programmers Who Are Enhancing Existing iOS and OS X Apps 1.5.3 Java, C++ and C# Programmers Who Are New to iOS and OS X App Development 1.5.4 Significant Language Changes Expected 1.5.5 A Mixture of Swift and Objective-C

1.6 Xcode 6 Integrated Development Environment 1.7 Creating Swift Apps with Xcode 6 1.8 Web Resources

2. Introduction to Swift Programming

2.1 Introduction 2.2 A First Swift Program: Printing a Line of Text 2.3 Modifying Your First Program 2.4 Composing Larger Strings with String Interpolation 2.5 Another Application: Adding Integers 2.6 Arithmetic

2.6.1 Automatic Arithmetic Overflow Checking 2.6.2 Operator Precedence

2.7 Decision Making: The if Conditional Statement and the Comparative Operators 2.8 Wrap-Up

3. Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and Functions

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Account Class

3.2.1 Defining a Class 3.2.2 Defining a Class Attribute as a Stored Property 3.2.3 Defining a public Stored Property with a private Setter 3.2.4 Initializing a Class’s Properties with init 3.2.5 Defining a Class’s Behaviors as Methods

3.3 Creating and Using Account Objects

3.3.1 Importing the Foundation Framework 3.3.2 Creating and Configuring an NSNumberFormatter to Format Currency Values 3.3.3 Defining a Function—formatAccountString 3.3.4 Creating Objects and Calling an Initializer 3.3.5 Calling Methods on Objects—Depositing into Account Objects 3.3.6 Calling Methods on Objects—Withdrawing from Account Objects

3.4 Value Types vs. Reference Types 3.5 Software Engineering with Access Modifiers 3.6 Wrap-Up

4. Control Statements; Assignment, Increment and Logical Operators

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Control Statements 4.3 if Conditional Statement 4.4 if...else Conditional Statement 4.5 Compound Assignment Operators 4.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 4.7 switch Conditional Statement

4.7.1 Using a switch Statement to Convert Numeric Grades to Letter Grades 4.7.2 Specifying Grade Ranges with the Closed-Range Operator (...) 4.7.3 The default Case 4.7.4 Other Patterns in the case Label 4.7.5 No Automatic Fall Through as in Other C-Based Languages

4.8 while Loop Statement 4.9 do...while Loop Statement 4.10 for...in Loop Statement and the Range Operators

4.10.1 Iterating Over Collections of Values with Closed Ranges, Half-Open Ranges and the Global stride Function 4.10.2 Compound-Interest Calculations with for...in 4.10.3 Formatting Strings with Field Widths and Justification 4.10.4 Performing the Interest Calculations 4.10.5 A Warning about Displaying Rounded Values

4.11 for Loop Statement

4.11.1 General Format of a for Statement 4.11.2 Scope of a for Statement’s Control Variable 4.11.3 Expressions in a for Statement’s Header Are Optional

4.12 break and continue Statements

4.12.1 break Statement Example 4.12.2 continue Statement Example

4.13 Logical Operators

4.13.1 Logical AND (&&) Operator 4.13.2 Logical OR (||) Operator 4.13.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions 4.13.4 Logical NOT (!) Operator

4.14 Wrap-Up

5. Functions and Methods: A Deeper Look; enums and Tuples

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Modules in Swift 5.3 Darwin Module—Using Predefined C Functions 5.4 Multiple-Parameter Function Definition 5.5 Random-Number Generation 5.6 Introducing Enumerations and Tuples

5.6.1 Introducing Enumeration (enum) Types 5.6.2 Tuples and Multiple Function Return Values 5.6.3 Tuples as Function Arguments 5.6.4 Accessing the Raw Value of an enum Constant

5.7 Scope of Declarations 5.8 Function and Method Overloading 5.9 External Parameter Names 5.10 Default Parameter Values 5.11 Passing Arguments by Value or by Reference 5.12 Recursion 5.13 Nested Functions 5.14 Wrap-Up

6. Arrays and an Introduction to Closures

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Arrays 6.3 Creating and Initializing Arrays 6.4 Iterating through Arrays 6.5 Adding and Removing Array Elements 6.6 Subscript Expressions with Ranges 6.7 Sorting Arrays; Introduction to Closures

6.7.1 Closures and Closure Expressions 6.7.2 Array Methods sort and sorted 6.7.3 Sorting with Function ascendingOrder 6.7.4 Using a Fully Typed Closure Expression 6.7.5 Using a Closure Expression with Inferred Types 6.7.6 Using a Closure Expression with Inferred Types and an Implicit return 6.7.7 Using a Closure Expression with Shorthand Argument Names 6.7.8 Using an Operator Function as a Closure Expression 6.7.9 Reversing an Array’s Elements

6.8 Array Methods filter, map and reduce

6.8.1 Filtering an Array 6.8.2 Mapping an Array’s Elements to New Values 6.8.3 Reducing an Array’s Elements to a Single Value 6.8.4 Combining Filtering, Mapping and Reducing

6.9 Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation; Computed Properties; Optionals

6.9.1 Class Card 6.9.2 Class DeckOfCards 6.9.3 DeckOfCards Initializer 6.9.4 DeckOfCards Method shuffle 6.9.5 DeckOfCards Method dealCard and Optional Return Values 6.9.6 Shuffling and Dealing Cards 6.9.7 Unwrapping Optional Values with Optional Binding and the if or while Statements

6.10 Passing Arrays to Functions

6.10.1 Passing an Entire Array By Value 6.10.2 Passing One Array Element By Value 6.10.3 Passing an Entire Array By Reference 6.10.4 Passing One Array Element By Reference

6.11 Notes on Pass-By-Value and Pass-By-Reference 6.12 Multidimensional Arrays 6.13 Variadic Parameters 6.14 Wrap-Up

7. Dictionary

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 What Is a Dictionary? 7.1.2 Dictionary Examples 7.1.3 Dictionary is a Generic Type 7.1.4 Dictionary Is a Value Type 7.1.5 Dictionary Is Implemented as a Hash Table 7.1.6 Dictionary Is Type Safe

7.2 Declaring a Dictionary: Key–Value Pairs and Dictionary Literals

7.2.1 Dictionary Key–Value Pairs and Dictionary Literals 7.2.2 Declaring a Dictionary with Generics and Explicit Typing 7.2.3 Declaring a Dictionary with Type Inference 7.2.4 Invoking Dictionary’s description Property Explicitly and Implicitly

7.3 Declaring and Printing Empty Dictionary Objects 7.4 Iterating through a Dictionary with for...in 7.5 General-Purpose Generic Dictionary Printing Function 7.6 Dictionary Equality Operators == and != 7.7 Dictionary count and isEmpty Properties 7.8 Dictionary Whose Values Are Arrays 7.9 Dictionary’s keys and values Properties 7.10 Inserting, Modifying and Removing Key–Value Pairs with Subscripting

7.10.1 Updating the Value of an Existing Key–Value Pair 7.10.2 Adding a New Key–Value Pair 7.10.3 Removing a Key–Value Pair 7.10.4 Subscripting Returns an Optional Value 7.10.5 Processing an Optional Value 7.10.6 Inserting a New Key–Value Pair in an Empty Dictionary

7.11 Inserting, Removing and Modifying Key–Value Pairs

7.11.1 Inserting a Key–Value Pair with Dictionary Method updateValue 7.11.2 Updating a Key–Value Pair with Dictionary Method updateValue 7.11.3 Removing a Key–Value Pair with Dictionary Method removeValueForKey 7.11.4 Attempting to Remove a Nonexistent Key–Value Pair with Method removeValueForKey 7.11.5 Emptying a Dictionary with Method removeAll

7.12 Building a Dictionary Dynamically: Word Counts in a String 7.13 Bridging Between Dictionary and Foundation Classes 7.14 Hash Tables and Hashing 7.15 Wrap-Up

8. Classes: A Deeper Look and Extensions

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Time Class: Default Initializers and Property Observers

8.2.1 Stored Property Initialization and the Default Initializer 8.2.2 willSet and didSet Property Observers for Stored Properties 8.2.3 Computed Read-Only Properties universalDescription and description 8.2.4 Using Class Time

8.3 Designated and Convenience Initializers in Class Time

8.3.1 Class Time with Overloaded Initializers 8.3.2 Designated Initializers 8.3.3 Convenience Initializers and Initializer Delegation with self 8.3.4 Using Class Time’s Designated and Convenience Initializers

8.4 Failable Initializers in Class Time

8.4.1 Failable Designated Initializers 8.4.2 Failable Convenience Initializers 8.4.3 Implicitly Unwrapped Failable Initializers 8.4.4 Invoking Failable Initializers

8.5 Extensions to Class Time

8.5.1 Class Time with Extensions 8.5.2 Testing Class Time’s Extensions 8.5.3 Extensions and Access Modifiers

8.6 Read-Write Computed Properties 8.7 Composition

8.7.1 Class Employee 8.7.2 Testing Class Employee

8.8 Automatic Reference Counting, Strong References and Weak References 8.9 Deinitializers 8.10 Using NSDecimalNumber for Precise Monetary Calculations 8.11 Type Properties and Type Methods

8.11.1 Type Scope 8.11.2 Motivating Type Properties 8.11.3 Creating Type Properties and Type Methods in Classes 8.11.4 Using Type Properties and Type Methods

8.12 Lazy Stored Properties and Delayed Initialization 8.13 Wrap-Up

9. Structures, Enumerations and Nested Types

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure Definitions

9.2.1 Time struct Definition with Default and Memberwise Initializers 9.2.2 Custom Initializers extension to struct Time 9.2.3 Computed Properties extension to struct Time 9.2.4 Mutating Methods extension to struct Time 9.2.5 Testing the Time struct

9.3 Enumerations and Nested Types

9.3.1 Card struct with Nested Suit and Face enum Types 9.3.2 DeckOfCards struct 9.3.3 Testing the struct Types Card and DeckOfCards, and the enum Types Suit and Face

9.4 Choosing Among Structures, Enumerations and Classes in Your Apps 9.5 Associated Values for enums 9.6 Wrap-Up

10. Inheritance, Polymorphism and Protocols

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Superclasses and Subclasses 10.1.2 Polymorphism 10.1.3 Implementing for Extensibility 10.1.4 Programming in the Specific 10.1.5 Protocols

10.2 Superclasses and Subclasses 10.3 An Inheritance Hierarchy: CommunityMembers 10.4 Case Study: Using Inheritance to Create Related Employee Types

10.4.1 Superclass CommissionEmployee 10.4.2 Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee 10.4.3 Testing the Class Hierarchy

10.5 Access Modifiers in Inheritance Hierarchies 10.6 Introduction to Polymorphism: A Polymorphic Video Game Discussion 10.7 Case Study: Payroll System Class Hierarchy Using Polymorphism

10.7.1 Base Class Employee 10.7.2 Subclass SalariedEmployee 10.7.3 Subclass CommissionEmployee 10.7.4 Indirect Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee 10.7.5 Polymorphic Processing

10.8 Case Study: Creating and Using Custom Protocols

10.8.1 Protocol Capabilities Must Be Defined in Each Conforming Type 10.8.2 Protocols and Is-a Relationships 10.8.3 Relating Disparate Types Via Protocols 10.8.4 Accounts-Payable Application 10.8.5 Developing a Payable Hierarchy 10.8.6 Declaring Protocol Payable 10.8.7 Creating Class Invoice 10.8.8 Using extensions to Add Printable and Payable Protocol Conformance to Class Employee 10.8.9 Using Protocol Payable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically

10.9 Additional Protocol Features

10.9.1 Protocol Inheritance 10.9.2 Class-Only Protocols 10.9.3 Optional Capabilities in Protocols 10.9.4 Protocol Composition 10.9.5 Common Protocols in Swift

10.10 Using final to Prevent Method Overriding and Inheritance 10.11 Initialization and Deinitialization in Class Hierarchies

10.11.1 Basic Class-Instance Initialization 10.11.2 Initialization in Class Hierarchies 10.11.3 Initialization of a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Object 10.11.4 Overriding Initializers and Required Initializers 10.11.5 Deinitialization in Class Hierarchies

10.12 Wrap-Up

11. Generics

11.1 Introduction 11.2 Motivation for Generic Functions 11.3 Generic Functions: Implementation and Specialization 11.4 Type Parameters with Type Constraints 11.5 Overloading Generic Functions 11.6 Generic Types 11.7 Note About Associated Types for Protocols 11.8 Wrap-Up

12. Operator Overloading and Subscripts

12.1 Introduction 12.2 String Operators and Methods

12.2.1 String Variables and Constants 12.2.2 String Comparative Operators 12.2.3 Custom String Unary Prefix Operator ! 12.2.4 String Concatenation with Operators + and += 12.2.5 String Subscript ([]) Operator for Creating Substrings 12.2.6 Other String Methods

12.3 Custom Complex Numeric Type with Overloaded Arithmetic Operators

12.3.1 Overloaded Operator Functions +, - and * 12.3.2 Overloading the Arithmetic Assignment Operator += 12.3.3 Performing Arithmetic with Complex Numbers

12.4 Overloading Arithmetic Operators for Class NSDecimalNumber

12.4.1 Overloading the Multiplication Operator (*) 12.4.2 Overloading the Addition Operator (+) 12.4.3 Using the Overloaded Operators 12.4.4 Overloading the *= Multiplication Assignment Operator

12.5 Overloading Unary Operators: ++ and --

12.5.1 Overloading Unary Prefix Operators That Modify Their Operands 12.5.2 Overloading Unary Postfix Operators That Modify Their Operands 12.5.3 Swift’s AnyObject Type—Bridging Between Objective-C and Swift

12.6 Overloading Subscripts

12.6.1 Box Type with Custom Subscripts 12.6.2 Subscript Syntax 12.6.3 Type Box’s Int Subscript and the precondition Function 12.6.4 Type Box’s String Subscript 12.6.5 Using Type Box’s Subscripts

12.7 Custom Operators

12.7.1 Precedence and Associativity 12.7.2 Symbols Used in Custom Operators 12.7.3 Defining a Custom Exponentiation Operator for Type Int

12.8 Custom Generic Operators 12.9 Wrap-Up

13. iOS 8 App Development: Welcome App

13.1 Introduction 13.2 Technologies Overview

13.2.1 Xcode and Interface Builder 13.2.2 Labels and Image Views 13.2.3 Asset Catalogs and Image Sets 13.2.4 Running the App 13.2.5 Accessibility 13.2.6 Internationalization

13.3 Creating a Universal App Project with Xcode

13.3.1 Xcode Projects and App Templates 13.3.2 Creating and Configuring a Project

13.4 Xcode Workspace Window

13.4.1 Navigator Area 13.4.2 Editor Area 13.4.3 Utilities Area and Inspectors 13.4.4 Debug Area 13.4.5 Xcode Toolbar 13.4.6 Project Navigator 13.4.7 Keyboard Shortcuts

13.5 Storyboarding the Welcome App’s UI

13.5.1 Configuring the App for Portrait and Landscape Orientations 13.5.2 Providing an App Icon 13.5.3 Creating an Image Set for the App’s Image 13.5.4 Overview of the Storyboard and the Xcode Utilities Area 13.5.5 Adding an Image View to the UI 13.5.6 Using Inspectors to Configure the Image View 13.5.7 Adding and Configuring the Label 13.5.8 Using Auto Layout to Support Different Screen Sizes and Orientations

13.6 Running the Welcome App

13.6.1 Testing on the iOS Simulator 13.6.2 Testing on a Device (for Paid Apple iOS Developer Program Members Only)

13.7 Making Your App Accessible

13.7.1 Enabling Accessibility for the Image View 13.7.2 Confirming Accessibility Text with the Simulator’s Accessibility Inspector a

13.8 Internationalizing Your App

13.8.1 Locking Your UI During Translation 13.8.2 Exporting Your UI’s String Resources 13.8.3 Translating the String Resources 13.8.4 Importing the Translated String Resources 13.8.5 Testing the App in Spanish

13.9 Wrap-Up

14. iOS 8 App Development: Tip Calculator App

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Test-Driving the Tip Calculator App in the iPhone and iPad Simulators 14.3 Technologies Overview

14.3.1 Swift Programming 14.3.2 Swift Apps and the Cocoa Touch® Frameworks 14.3.3 Using the UIKit and Foundation Frameworks in Swift Code 14.3.4 Creating Labels, a Text Field and a Slider with Interface Builder 14.3.5 View Controllers 14.3.6 Linking UI Components to Your Swift Code 14.3.7 Performing Tasks After a View Loads 14.3.8 Bridging Between Swift and Objective-C Types

14.4 Building the App’s UI

14.4.1 Creating the Project 14.4.2 Configuring the Size Classes for Designing a Portrait Orientation iPhone App 14.4.3 Adding the UI Components 14.4.4 Adding the Auto Layout Constraints

14.5 Creating Outlets with Interface Builder 14.6 Creating Actions with Interface Builder 14.7 Class ViewController

14.7.1 import Declarations 14.7.2 ViewController Class Definition 14.7.3 ViewController’s @IBOutlet Properties 14.7.4 Other ViewController Properties 14.7.5 Overridden UIViewController method viewDidLoad 14.7.6 ViewController Action Method calculateTip 14.7.7 Global Utility Functions Defined in ViewController.swift

14.8 Wrap-Up

A. Keywords B. Operator Precedence Chart C. Labeled break and continue Statements

C.1 Introduction C.2 Labeled break Statement C.3 Labeled continue Statement

Index Code Snippets

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