The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism by Dent, Mike -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of contents Figures and charts List of tables List of contributors General introduction: The changing world of professions and professionalism

Introduction The diversity of professions The changing world of professions and professionalism Conclusion and outline of contents References

Part I Theories and contemporary context of professions and professionalism

Introduction

References

1 Sociological and organisational theories of professions and professionalism

Introduction

Outline of the chapter

1 Historical schools of thought

1.1 Traits of professions 1.2 Functionalist accounts 1.3 Conflict theory 1.4 Professions as exponents of discourses 1.5 Holism resurgent: institutions and archetypes

2 Professions in process

2.1 Contemporary forms of professional organisation

2.1.1 Collegiate professions 2.1.2 Are collegiate professions viable? 2.2 Organisational professions 2.1.3 The rise of new or corporate professions

3 Remaining issues and controversies 4 Conclusion: limits to professionalisation and the demise of professional society References

2 Governance and professions

Introduction The concept of governance and the professions: historical bonds revisited

The professionals as citizens and mediators The logics of professionalism

Relocating professions in new emergent spheres of governance

Transnationalism: professional agency in volatile spheres of governance Hybridization: professions as organizational agents

Case studies: health professions and governance in Germany, Sweden and Turkey

Germany: Professionalism in a corporatist governance system Sweden: professionalism in a universalist governance system Turkey: professionalism in a mixed governance context

Conclusion References

3 Professions, service users and citizenship: Deliberation, choice and responsibility

Introduction The concept of citizenship Deliberation

Representation Experience or expertise? Consensus versus battle Negotiation

Choice

Criticisms of commodification

Responsibility Conclusion Acknowledgement References

4 Gender, diversity and intersectionality in professions and potential professions: Analytical, historical and contemporary perspectives

Introduction Professions, ‘neutrality’ and power Gendering, diversifying and intersectionalizing professions Historical perspectives Contemporary international cases

Women lawyers in Finland and Poland: managing competitive pressures, expectations and identities Business management in Finland and the USA: opting out of a new profession?

Some concluding remarks on the future… Notes References

5 Professions and power: A review of theories of professions and power

Introduction Sociological theories of professions and power

The benevolent taxonomic approach to professions Critical perspectives on professions

(a) Symbolic interactionism (b) The neo-Marxist approach (c) The Foucauldian approach (d) Discourse analysis

The neo-Weberian approach to professions and power

Main aspects of the neo-Weberian approach Criticisms of the neo-Weberian approach

The concepts of power and interests in analysing professionalism

The dimensions of power Operationalizing the concepts of power and interests

Current issues about professions and power

The impact of the new public management on professions Organizational professionalism and professionals in organizations The deprofessionalization and restratification of professions Professional dominance and inter-professional working The dynamics of professional practitioner–client interaction

Conclusion References

Part II Governing the professions and professionalism

Introduction

References

6 Governing through professional experts

Introduction Why embeddedness? Professions and governmentality Professions and welfare governance

New public management reforms Welfare governance and institutional adaptation

Professions and organizational studies

Professions and change Interplay between professions and organizations

Professions and gender Conclusion References

7 Professions and financial incentives

Introduction The changing context of professionalism Financial incentives Medical professionals and financial incentives: the case of English primary care

Quality targets and changes in practice Cost containment and clinical freedom Accountability and performance monitoring New strata Standardization and regulation from outside and from within Restratification and the empirical findings

Big 4 accountants Conclusion References

8 Professionalism and entrepreneurialism

Introduction Classics uniting professionalism and entrepreneurialism research Classics differentiating professionalism and entrepreneurialism research Divergent and parallel approaches in professionalism and entrepreneurialism research

Professionalism research Entrepreneurship research

Professionalism, entrepreneurialism and new questions for research

Old connections revisited Future alignments/renewal of research agenda

Conclusion References

9 Professionalism, trust and cooperation

Introduction Regulation as a basis for system-trust

Systems of regulation: building trust through inclusion and exclusion Interpersonal trust interacting with system-trust

Trust, power and maintaining a monopoly of knowledge: challenges to self-regulation

A shift from confidence to trust The politicization of ‘lost trust’

Trust, checking and control: transaction costs and inter-professional knowledge exchange

Shifts towards new forms of regulation and trust The impact of new forms of governance on trust and professional work

Facework and abstract systems: embodying trustworthy practice at access points

Regulatory (mis)trust impacting upon clients’ (mis)trust Professional–client interactions impeded by governance

Trust in (re-)emerging professions

Challenges to mainstream professions amidst a more critical public sphere Micro-dynamics in professional–client interactions: new professions winning trust through facework

Conclusion References

10 Professionalism and knowledge

Introduction Knowledge and professional development

Critical insights into the functionalism version of the sociology of professions Knowledge, social distance and social closure Professional work and professional knowledge

The relevance of knowledge in the professionalization of nursing

The locus of formal and abstract knowledge in the nurses’ professional project Tensions and paradoxes in formal and practical knowledge in nursing

Conclusion References

Part III Professions, management and leadership

Introduction

References

11 Restructuring professional organizations

Professional organizational design and restructuring: a review of the models Pressures and processes of restructuring

Pressures to restructure: markets Pressures to restructure: institutional Restructuring processes

Conclusions: the future agenda References

12 Hybrid managers and professional leadership

Introduction Restratification and the emergence of professional managers The nature and extent of hybrid professional–manager roles

Vertical stratification Horizontal: different professional and organisational contexts

Drivers of hybridisation Research on the nature and practice of hybrids

Roles and identities Practices

Conclusion References

13 The professionalization of management

Introduction Professional autonomy and professional projects Sole proprietorships and entrepreneurialism, 1860–1910 From entrepreneurialism to scientific management, 1910–1940 From scientific management to human relations, 1930s–late 1960s

The liabilities of scientific management in a new institutional environment Enter human relations management

From human relations to human resource management, late 1960s–2000

The development of internal labor markets The rise of portfolio investment strategies Shifts in the backgrounds of top corporate executives Enter the human resource management paradigm

Parallel developments: the Keynesian crisis and the rising salience of markets and ideologies Management as a professional project in a globalized, neoliberal world References

14 Leadership and ‘leaderism’: The discourse of professional leadership and the practice of management control in public services

Introduction The grit in the oyster The neo-liberal turn Leaderism Polyarchic governance and professional leadership Conclusions Acknowledgements References

15 Professional agency, leadership and organizational change

Introduction The context of changing relationships between professionals and organizations Professionals as leaders of organizational change: three concepts

Organized professionalism

Engaging professionals in organizational change

Governmentality Strategic change in pluralistic organizations

Discussion Conclusion References

Part IV Global professionalism and the emerging economies

Introduction

16 Accountancy, finance and banking: The global reach of the professions

Introduction Accounting for the financialized banking business model Accounting for the professional bodies: governance and stewardship Banking as a business model: stakeholders and corporate governance Discussion and conclusions Notes References

17 Professions and professionalism in emerging economies: The case of South Africa

Introduction Racial transformation in the composition of the traditional professions New developments in the state regulation of professions State-led project of professionalisation

State intervention in the public sector State attempts to professionalise the public sector

Emergence of new groups of professionals/occupations

Professionalisation of low-skilled occupations Professionalisation of higher-skilled occupations

Conclusion Notes References

18 India (International) Inc.: Global work and the (re-)organization of professionalism in emerging economies

Introduction Global professions go to India

India’s information technology sector: mainstream globalization Management consulting in India: globalization at the fringes India’s corporate law firms: responsive globalization

Women in professional work

Gender and high-status work in India Women in IT: traditional advantages Women in management consulting: restricted advantages Women in elite law firms: Unusual advantages

Discussion Conclusion Notes References

19 Professions and professionalization in Russia

Introduction Professions and professionalization before socialism Rethinking professions and professionalization during the first decades of state socialism

Professional organizations The political context of professionalization A new scientific and technical intelligentsia Professions and social structure: an emphasis on social equality

Professions and professionalization in late socialism A glance into post-Soviet professionalism: challenges and changes, 1990s–2010s Conclusion Acknowledgment References

20 Professions and the migration of expert labour: Towards an intersectional analysis of transnational mobility patterns and integration pathways of health professionals

Introduction Health professional migration: an overview of micro, meso and macro influences Micro/individual level of analysis Macro/political-economic level of analysis Meso/institutional level of analysis The gendered dynamics of health professional migration in the era of transnational mobilities Building a pluralistic framework for the intersectional analysis of mobility patterns and integration pathways of health professionals

Micro-level theoretical inputs Meso-level theoretical inputs Macro-level theoretical inputs

Conclusion References

Part V Sectoral analysis: Case studies

Introduction 21 The professoriate and professionalism in the academy

Introduction Traditional and comparative studies Research theorizing inequity and knowledge production in academia The ‘decentred professor’ in the global knowledge economy? Conclusion Notes References

22 Contemporary education policy and teacher professionalism

Introduction International policy developments Teacher professionalism Responsibility, accountability, and autonomy

Positive and negative developments Continental European vs Anglo-American traditions Teaching standards

Knowledge base and educational programmes

Research-based education ‘On-the-job training’ Look to Finland

Reconceptualizing teacher professionalism

From dichotomies to dilemmas Data use in education Tensions

Conclusion References

23 Interprofessional working for the health professions: From fried eggs to omelettes?

Introduction Case Study 1: Contested titles and role boundaries in foot surgery

Foot surgery as a medical prerogative Transition from exclusion to delegation to dispute over title

Case study 2: Establishment of a rural allied health generalist Discussion Conclusion References

24 Professional identity and social work

Introduction Professional identity: background to a contestable concept Professional socialisation, workplace relations and identity regulation Institutional logics perspective and the interplay of structure and agency Customisation of identity in workplace settings Boundaries, partnership and multi-professional work Conclusion References

25 Journalism and its professional challenges

1. Introduction 2. Pathways of journalistic professionalization 3. Professional ideology 4. Academization and skill development 5. Changing context conditions and new media 6. Structural heteronomy and new identities 7. Conclusions References

Index

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