Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Riviere, J. Edmond -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title page Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface About the Companion Website Section 1 Principles of Pharmacology

1 Veterinary Pharmacology: An Introduction to the Discipline

History of Pharmacology Veterinary Pharmacology Regulations and Standards What is Veterinary Pharmacology? References and Additional Reading

2 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination

An Overview of Drug Disposition Drug Passage Across Membranes Absorption Distribution Renal Elimination Hepatic Biotransformation and Biliary Excretion Conclusion References and Additional Reading

3 Pharmacokinetics

A Primer on the Language of Pharmacokinetics The Concept of Half-Life One-Compartment Open Model Two-Compartment Models Multicompartmental Models Noncompartmental Models Nonlinear Models Summary of Modeling Approaches Dosage Regimens Interspecies Extrapolations Conclusion References and Additional Reading

4 Mechanism of Drug Action and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Integration in Dosage Regimen Optimization for Veterinary Medicine

Introduction Types of Drug Targets Drug Receptor and Ligand as Agonist or Antagonist Drug Affinity, Efficacy and Potency Drug Specificity and Selectivity Chemical Forces and Drug Binding Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors Receptor Types and Subtypes Down- and Up-Regulation From the Pharmacological Target to the Animal and Population Pharmacodynamics An Overview on the Determination of an Effective and Safe Dosage Regimen Designs for Dose Titration and the Determination of an Effective Dose The Difference Between Dose Titration and the PK/PD Modeling Approach in Determining a Dose Building PK/PD Models Selection of the Dose and Dosage Regimen Population PK/PD Limits of the PK/PD Modeling Approach for a Dose Determination: Clinical Response versus Surrogate Conclusion References and Additional Reading

5 Principles of Pharmaceutics and Veterinary Dosage Forms

Introduction Understanding the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Formulation Elements Dosage Form Considerations Manufacturing Process Putting it All Together: Product Quality Control Conclusion Acknowledgments References and Additional Reading

Section 2 Drugs Acting on the Autonomic Nervous System

6 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System and Autonomic Pharmacology

Introduction Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System: Overview Integrated Steps in SNS and PSNS Neurotransmission Autonomic Receptors References

7 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

Classification of Adrenergic Agonists Sympathomimetic Amines and Structure–Activity Relationships Activation of Adrenergic Receptors and Cell Signaling Adrenergic Receptor Selectivity and Tissue Distribution Clinical Applications of Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Adrenergic-Receptor Antagonists References

8 Cholinergic Pharmacology: Autonomic Drugs

Parasympathomimetic Agents Cholinergic Receptors Direct-acting Parasympathomimetic Agonists Cholinesterase Inhibitors Organophosphorus Compounds Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists N-butylscopolamine bromide Autonomic Ganglionic Blocking Drugs References

Section 3 Anesthetics and Analgesics, and Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System

9 Introduction to Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System and Principles of Anesthesiology

Introduction to CNS Drugs Principles of Anesthesiology References

10 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

Development The Nicotinic Receptor and Structure–Activity Relationships Postjunctional Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Blockade Pharmacological Effects of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Drug Interactions Clinical Use References and Additional Reading

11 Inhalation Anesthetics

Physiochemical Characteristics Properties Influencing Drug Kinetics: Solubility Pharmacokinetics: Uptake and Elimination of Inhalation Anesthetics Pharmacodynamics: Actions and Toxicity of the Inhalation Anesthetics Trace Concentrations of Inhalation Anesthetics: Occupational Exposure References

12 Injectable Anesthetic Agents

Indications for Injectable Anesthesia Disadvantages of Injectable Anesthesia Properties of an Ideal Injectable Anesthetic Drug Barbiturate Anesthetics Propofol Dissociative Anesthetics Etomidate Neurosteroid Anesthetics Miscellaneous Anesthetics References

13 Opioid Analgesic Drugs

Introduction Background on Opioids Opioid Pharmacodynamics Opioid Pharmacokinetics Clinical Pharmacology Opioid Agonists Partial and Mixed Receptor Opioids Opioid Antagonists Other Central Analgesic Drugs Other Routes of Administration The Use of Opioids in Nonmammalian Vertebrates References and Additional Reading

14 Sedatives and Tranquilizers

Introduction Phenothiazine Derivatives Butyrophenone Derivatives Benzodiazepine Derivatives Benzodiazepine Antagonists Alpha-2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Alpha-2-Adrenergic Antagonists Guaifenesin Chloral Hydrate References

15 Local Anesthetics

Introduction Clinical Uses in Veterinary Medicine Mechanisms for Local Anesthetic Action Chemical Properties General Pharmacological Considerations Organ Toxicities Regulatory Considerations Lidocaine Bupivacaine Levobupivacaine Other Selected Agents Future Outlook References

16 Euthanizing Agents

Introduction Inhaled Agents Injected Agents Immersion Agents Miscellaneous Considerations References

17 Anticonvulsant Drugs

Introduction Phenobarbital Primidone Phenytoin Valproic Acid (Valproate) Imepitoin Benzodiazepines Felbamate Gabapentin Levetiracetam Zonisamide Bromide (Potassium and Sodium Bromide) References and Additional Reading

18 Drugs Affecting Animal Behavior

Introduction Pharmacokinetic Issues for Behavior Drugs Neurotransmitters Major Drug Classes Drug Combinations Treatment Success Summary References and Additional Reading

Section 4 Autacoids and Antiinflammatory Drugs

19 Histamine, Serotonin, and their Antagonists

Histamine Antihistamines Serotonin References

20 Analgesic, Antiinflammatory, Antipyretic Drugs

Scientific Literature The Role of Eicosanoids in Inflammation and Mechanisms of Action of NSAIDs Isoforms of Cyclooxygenase: Characteristics, Locations, and Roles History of NSAIDs Classification of NSAIDs, Chemical Structures, and Physicochemical Properties Pharmacology of NSAIDs Additional Actions of NSAIDs Toxicity of NSAIDs Therapeutic Uses of NSAIDs References

Section 5 Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System

21 Digitalis, Positive Inotropes, and Vasodilators

Basic Aspects of Cardiac Function Positive Inotropes and Inodilators Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Enalapril Maleate and Benazepril, and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockers, Spironolactone Other Vasodilators: Prazosin, Hydralazine, Calcium Channel Blockers, Nitrovasodilators, Sildenafil, and Carvedilol Ancillary Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure Overview of the Management of Cardiovascular Disease References

22 Antiarrhythmic Agents

Rhythmicity of the Heart Antiarrhythmic Drugs Bradyarrhythmias Tachyarrhythmias Conclusion References and Additional Reading

Section 6 Drugs Affecting Renal Function and Fluid-Electrolyte Balance

23 Principles of Acid–Base Balance: Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy, Blood Substitutes

Composition and Distribution of Body Fluids Water, Sodium, and Chloride Potassium Principles of Acid–Base Metabolism Disorders of Acid–Base Metabolism Practical Aspects of Fluid Therapy Products for Fluid Therapy Special Topics Acknowledgment References and Additional Reading

24 Diuretics and Renal Pharmacology

Renal Physiology Principles of Diuretic Use Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase Osmotic Diuretics Inhibitors of Na+/K+/2Cl− Symport (Loop or High-Ceiling Diuretics) Inhibitors of Na+/Cl− Symport (Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics) Inhibitors of Renal Epithelial Sodium Channels (K+-Sparing Diuretics) Antagonists of Mineralocorticoid Receptors (Aldosterone Antagonists and K+-Sparing Diuretics) Methylxanthines New and Experimental Agents Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists References and Additional Reading

Section 7 Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Elements

25 Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Hemostatic Drugs

Hemostasis Heparin Warfarin and Coumarin Derivatives Agents for Treating Coagulopathies Antiplatelet Drugs Fibrinolytic Agents Antifibrinolytic Drugs References

Section 8 Endocrine Pharmacology

26 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones

Introduction Anterior Pituitary and Associated Regulatory Hormones Posterior Pituitary Hormones References

27 Hormones Affecting Reproduction

Introduction Estrous Cycle Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Gonadorelin, and Gonadotropins Reproductive Steroid Hormones (Estrogens, Progesterone, Androgens) Specific Uses of Reproductive Hormonal Drugs References

28 Thyroid Hormone and Antithyroid Drugs

Introduction Thyroid Physiology Extrathyroidal Factors Altering Thyroid Hormone Metabolism Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Action Thyroid Hormone Preparations Antithyroid Drugs Thyroid Imaging References and Additional Reading

29 Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, and Adrenolytic Drugs

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Adrenolytic Drugs and Steroid Synthesis Inhibitors References and Additional Reading

30 Drugs Influencing Glucose Metabolism

Insulin Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Glucagon Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors Somatostatin Miscellaneous References

Section 9 Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases

31 Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Introduction Popular Antiseptic and Disinfecting Agents Factors Affecting Efficacy of Antiseptics and Disinfectants Resistance to Antiseptics and Disinfectants Examples of Antiseptic Use in Veterinary Medicine Examples of Disinfectant Use in Veterinary Medicine References and Additional Reading

32 Sulfonamides and Potentiated Sulfonamides

Pharmacology of Sulfonamides Pharmacokinetics of Sulfonamides Adverse Effects Caused by Sulfonamides Sulfonamides in Veterinary Medicine Potentiated Sulfonamides Residues in Food Animals References and Additional Reading

33 β-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Related Drugs

Mechanism of Action of β-Lactam Antibiotics Microbial Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems (Penems) References and Additional Reading

34 Tetracycline Antibiotics

General Pharmacology of Tetracyclines Commonly Used Tetracyclines Other Nonantimicrobial Uses of Tetracyclines References

35 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Pharmacology of Aminoglycosides Pharmacokinetics of Aminoglycosides Aminoglycoside Toxicity Examples of Drugs References and Additional Reading

36 Chloramphenicol and Derivatives, Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Miscellaneous Antimicrobials

Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol Derivatives Macrolide Antibiotics Lincosamide Antibiotics Miscellaneous Antibiotics References and Additional Reading

37 Fluoroquinolone Antimicrobial Drugs

Chemical Features Mechanism of Action Antibacterial Spectrum Resistance Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics Dose Guidelines Clinical Use Safety Drug Interactions Formulations Available References and Additional Reading

38 Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs

Antifungal Drugs Antiviral Therapy References and Additional Reading

Section 10 Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases

39 Antinematodal Drugs

Benzimidazoles and Probenzimidazoles Imidazothiazoles Tetrahydropyrimidines Organophosphate Compounds Heterocyclic Compounds Heartworm Adulticides: Organic Arsenicals Resistance to Anthelmintic Compounds: Molecular Basis Nematodicidal Drug Combinations Novel Anthelmintic Drugs Concluding Remarks References and Additional Reading

40 Anticestodal and Antitrematodal Drugs

Anticestodal Drugs Antitrematodal Drugs References and Additional Reading

41 Macrocyclic Lactones: Endectocide Compounds

General Pharmacology: Avermectins and Milbemycins Mechanism of Action: Ecto–Endoparasiticadal Activity Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship Therapeutic Uses: Animal Species-Specific Considerations Resistance Pharmacological Interaction with ABC Transporters: Practical Implications Available Pharmaceutical Preparations Drug and Host-Related Factors Affecting Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy in Ruminants Tissue Residues and Withdrawal Times Safety and Toxicity Ecotoxicological Impact Concluding Remarks References

42 Antiprotozoan Drugs

Nitroimidazoles Pentavalent Antimonials Arsenicals Benzimidazoles Aminoglycosides Nitrofurans Tetracyclines Hydroxyquinolones and Naphthoquinones Pyridinols Guanidine Derivatives Thiamine Analogues Nitrobenzamides Nicarbazin Alkaloids Polyether Ionophores Triazine Derivatives Sulfonamides Dihydrofolate Reductase/Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors Lincosamides Azalides 4-Aminoquinolines Diamidine Derivatives Nitrothiazole Derivatives References

43 Ectoparasiticides

Introduction Pharmaceutics of Topical Formulations Transdermal Delivery Routes of Dermal Absorption Mechanisms of Action Resistance to Ectoparasiticides Fipronil Neonicotinoids Macrocyclic Lactones Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids Indoxacarb Organophosphates Carbamates d-Limonene and Linalool Amitraz Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) Synergists and Repellents Ectoparasiticide Approval and Registration in the US References

Section 11 Specialty Areas of Pharmacology

44 Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases

Terminology and Treatment Perspectives Cancer Biology Specific Chemotherapeutic Drugs References

45 Immunosuppressive Drugs

Glucocorticoids Cyclosporine Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus, and Sirolimus (Rapamycin) Oclacitinib (Apoquel®) Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®) Chlorambucil Thiopurines (Azathioprine) Mycophenolate Leflunomide Gold Therapy (Chrysotherapy) Dapsone References

46 Drugs for Treating Gastrointestinal Diseases

Antiemetic Drugs Gastrointestinal Prokinetic Drugs Drugs for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Ulcers in Animals Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea Drugs for Treatment of Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases Laxatives and Cathartics Acknowledgment References and Additional Reading

47 Dermatopharmacology: Drugs Acting Locally on the Skin

Anatomy and Histology Biochemistry Principles of Percutaneous Absorption: Skin Permeability Topical Vehicles Classification of Dermatological Vehicles Classes of Medicated Applications References and Additional Reading

48 Drugs that Affect the Respiratory System

Antitussive Drugs Bronchodilator Drugs (β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists) Cromolyn (Sodium Cromoglycate) (Intal®) Methylxanthines (Xanthines) Anticholinergic Drugs Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Leukotriene Inhibitors Expectorants and Mucolytic Drugs Decongestants Respiratory Stimulants References

49 Ophthalmic Pharmacology

Pertinent Ocular Anatomy and Physiology Factors Influencing Drug Levels in Ocular Tissues Glaucoma Ocular Inflammation and Antiinflammatory Therapy Ocular Infections and Antimicrobial Therapy Lacrimogenics Mydriatics and Cycloplegics Local Anesthetics Additional Reading

50 Pharmacogenomics

Basic Genetic Concepts Pharmacogenetics Future Directions References

51 Considerations for Treating Minor Food-Producing Animals with Veterinary Pharmaceuticals

The Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Minor Food-Producing Animals: Special Considerations and Challenges The Approval Process for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals for Use in Minor Food-Producing Animals Legislation and Policies Supporting the Availability of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Minor Food-Producing Animals Programs Supporting the Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Minor Food-Producing Animals Methods for Estimating Withdrawal Intervals for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals Administered to Minor Food-Producing Animals in an Extralabel Manner Summary References and Additional Reading

52 Unique Considerations Pertaining to the Use of Drugs in Food Animals

Introduction Extralabel Use Residues and Withdrawal Times Antibiotics Anticoccidials Antiinflammatories Production Enhancement Drugs Hormones for Reproductive Use Antiparasitics Anesthetics and Analgesics Miscellaneous Food Animal Drugs Summary References

53 Pharmacology in Aquatic Animals

Introduction Legal Considerations when Selecting an Antimicrobial for Use in Aquatic Animals Routes of Antimicrobial Administration in Fish Clinical Approaches by Aquatic Animal Specialists Antimicrobials Used in Aquaculture Pharmacokinetics of Antimicrobials Commonly Used in Aquaculture in the USA References

54 Zoological Pharmacology

Introduction Species Groups Allometry in Zoo Medicine References Websites of Interest

Section 12 Regulatory and Other Considerations

55 The Regulation of Animal Drugs

Introduction Drugs versus Biologics versus Pesticides What is a New Animal Drug? Laws, Regulations, and Guidance History of the FDA and its Relationship to Veterinary Medicine Other Important Amendments to the FFDCA Premarket Evaluation of New Animal Drugs Animal Drugs Intended for Minor Use/ Minor Species Postapproval Monitoring of Animal Drugs International Harmonization Concluding Thoughts References

56 Veterinary Pharmacy

Introduction Regulatory Discretion for Extralabel Use Need for Legal Extralabel use — AMDUCA Classification of Drugs Current Status of Compounded Veterinary Drugs Potential Problems from Compounded Drugs Unapproved Drugs Available by Importation Prescribing Controlled Substances Dispensing Medications Intended to Go Home with a Patient Prescription Writing References and Additional Reading

57 Medication Control Programs in Performance Animals

Regulation of Drug and Medication Use in Performance Animals Overview of Regulatory Agencies and Stakeholder Organizations The Drug Testing Process Factors Affecting Withdrawal Times Thresholds, Reporting Levels, and Cutoffs Current Controversies References

58 Pharmacovigilance

Introduction Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Event Reporting at CVM Evaluation of Adverse Drug Experience Reports Communication of Drug Safety Information and Regulatory Intervention Other Surveillance Methods CVM's International Pharmacovigilance Efforts Conclusion References

59 Dosage Forms And Veterinary Feed Directives

Pharmacokinetic Considerations and Controlled-Drug Delivery Palatability and Ease Of Drug Administration Veterinary Feed Additives Site-Directed Therapy References

60 Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy

Introduction How is EBVM Different from Other Approaches to Pharmacotherapy? How is EBVM Applied to Selecting the Best Treatment for a Specific Patient? References and Additional Reading

61 Chemical Residues In Tissues Of Food Animals

The Concern Over Residues in Food Regulation of Drug Residues in Animals Pharmacokinetics and Residues Drugs Prohibited from Extralabel Use Residue Prevention References and Additional Reading

Index EULA

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