Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease by Monsen, Elaine R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title page Table of Contents Copyright Contributors Preface Acknowledgments SECTION I: Basic Principles and Concepts

A.: Examining the Relationship between Diet, Nutrition, and Disease

Chapter 1: Dietary Assessment Methodology

I. INTRODUCTION II. DIETARY ASSESSMENT METHODS III. DIETARY ASSESSMENT IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS IV. DIETARY ASSESSMENT IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS V. SELECTED ISSUES IN DIETARY ASSESSMENT METHODS

Chapter 2: Energy Requirement Methodology

I. INTRODUCTION II. COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE III. TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE IV. RECOMMENDED ENERGY INTAKES

Chapter 3: Physical Assessment

I. INTRODUCTION II. COMPONENTS OF CLINICAL ASSESSMENT III. ANTHROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT IV. FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT V. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN SPECIFIC DISEASE STATES AND POPULATIONS VI. PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS VII. SUMMARY

Chapter 4: Overview of Nutritional Epidemiology

I. INTRODUCTION II. PRINCIPLES OF EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY III. STUDY DESIGNS USED IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY IV. INTERPRETATION OF CAUSE AND EFFECT IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY V. OBSTACLES TO FINDING ASSOCIATIONS OF DIETARY INTAKE AND DISEASE RISK VI. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Acknowledgment

Chapter 5: Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Dietary Data

I. INTRODUCTION II. ANALYSIS OF DIETARY DATA III. PRESENTATION OF DATA IV. INTERPRETATION OF DATA V. CONCLUSION

B.: Nutrition Intervention

Chapter 6: Current Theoretical Bases for Nutrition Intervention and Their Uses

I. INTRODUCTION II. IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING INFLUENCES ON DIETARY BEHAVIOR III. WHAT IS THEORY? IV. EXPLANATORY AND CHANGE THEORIES V. UNIQUE FEATURES OF DIETARY BEHAVIOR TO CONSIDER WHEN USING THEORY VI. IMPORTANT THEORIES AND THEIR KEY CONSTRUCTS VII. FINDINGS REGARDING APPLICATIONS OF THEORY TO NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOR VIII. CONSTRUCTS AND ISSUES ACROSS THEORIES IX. IMPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Chapter 7: Nutrition Intervention: Lessons from Clinical Trials

I. INTRODUCTION II. CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF MOTIVATION III. THEORIES USED IN ACHIEVING DIETARY BEHAVIOR CHANGE IN CLINICAL TRIALS IV. SUMMARY

Chapter 8: Tools and Techniques to Facilitate Eating Behavior Change

I. INTRODUCTION II. THE TEACHING/LEARNING PROCESS III. NUTRITION EDUCATION TECHNIQUES IV. BEHAVIOR CHANGE TECHNIQUES V. CONCLUSION

Chapter 9: Evaluation of Nutrition Interventions

I. INTRODUCTION II. OVERVIEW: TYPES OF NUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAM EVALUATIONS III. OUTCOMES OR ENDPOINTS USED TO ASSESS INTERVENTION EFFECTIVENESS IV. DESIGN OF NUTRITION INTERVENTION EVALUATIONS V. MEASUREMENT ISSUES WHEN ASSESSING DIETARY CHANGE AND OTHER INTERVENTION OUTCOMES VI. DIETARY ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR APPLICABILITY FOR INTERVENTION EVALUATION VII. CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 10: Biomarkers and Biological Indicators of Change

I. INTRODUCTION II. BIOMARKERS OF DIETARY INTAKE OR EXPOSURE III. FUNCTIONAL BIOMARKERS IV. BIOMARKERS OF GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY V. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AND USING BIOMARKERS VI. SUMMARY

C.: Genetic Influence on Nutritional Health

Chapter 11: Genetic Influences on Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

I. INTRODUCTION II. EXOGENOUS LIPOPROTEIN PATHWAY III. ENDOGENOUS LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM IV. REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT V. CONCLUSION Acknowledgments

Chapter 12: Genetics of Human Obesity

I. INTRODUCTION II. GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN OBESITY III. GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IV. THE OBESITY GENE MAP V. SINGLE-GENE OBESITY IN HUMANS VI. SINGLE-GENE MUTATIONS RESULTING IN ADIPOSE TISSUE ATROPHY VII. RARE GENETIC SYNDROMES WITH OBESITY AS A PROMINENT FEATURE VIII. EVIDENCE FROM LINKAGE STUDIES OF OBESITY PHENOTYPES IX. ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF CANDIDATE GENES FOR OBESITY AND OBESITY-RELATED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND HYPERLIPIDEMIA X. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISCOVERY OF OBESITY GENES

Chapter 13: Genetic Influence on Cancer Risk

I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND III. MECHANISMS OF DIET–GENETIC INTERACTIONS IV. METHODOLOGIC ISSUES IN ASSESSMENT OF DIET AND GENE INTERACTIONS RELATED TO CANCER V. DIET–GENE INTERACTIONS AND CANCER VI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 14: Inborn Errors of Metabolism

I. INTRODUCTION II. DIAGNOSIS III. TREATMENT: INITIATION AND MONITORING IV. NEW TREATMENT DEVELOPMENTS V. ADULT TREATMENT VI. SUMMARY

Chapter 15: Role of Liquid Dietary Supplements

I. MEDICAL FOODS AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS II. WHAT IS A MEDICAL FOOD/SUPPLEMENT? III. PREVALENCE AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY IV. BARRIERS TO USING MEDICAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS V. SUMMARY

Chapter 16: Composite Foods and Formulas, Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition

I. INTRODUCTION II. ENTERAL NUTRITION III. PARENTERAL NUTRITION IV. CONCLUSION

Chapter 17: Herbs and Botanical Supplements: Principles and Concepts

I. INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF BOTANICAL MEDICINE II. USE OF HERBS AND BOTANICALS III. EVIDENCE FOR SAFETY AND EFFICACY IV. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HERBS AND BOTANICALS V. REGULATION OF BOTANICAL AND HERBAL MEDICINALS VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL CARE VII. SUMMARY

SECTION II: Disease-Specific Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

A.: Cardiovascular Disease

Chapter 18: Dietary Macronutrients and Cardiovascular Risk

I. INTRODUCTION II. DIETARY FAT III. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE IV. DIETARY PROTEIN V. CONCLUSION

Chapter 19: Other Dietary Components and Cardiovascular Risk

I. INTRODUCTION II. DIETARY FIBER AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK III. HOMOCYSTEINE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IV. SOY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE V. PHYTOCHEMICALS: PROPOSED ASSOCIATION WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE VI. CONCLUSION

Chapter 20: Nutrition, Diet, and Hypertension

I. INTRODUCTION II. INDIVIDUAL NUTRIENTS AND BLOOD PRESSURE III. OTHER DIETARY AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IV. DIETARY PATTERNS V. SUMMARY

Chapter 21: Nutrition and Congestive Heart Failure

I. INTRODUCTION II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE III. STANDARD MEDICAL CARE FOR HEART FAILURE IV. RESTRICTIONS IN SODIUM V. RESTRICTIONS IN FLUID INTAKE VI. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING FAT, FIBER, AND CHOLESTEROL VII. OTHER DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS VIII. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IX. SUMMARY

B.: Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Chapter 22: Nutrition and Breast Cancer

I. INTRODUCTION II. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER III. NUTRITIONAL ISSUES FOLLOWING THE DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 23: Nutrition and Colon Cancer

I. INTRODUCTION II. MODEL 1: BILE ACIDS, FAT/FIBER, AND MEATS/VEGETABLES III. MODEL 2: COOKED FOODS IV. MODEL 3: INSULIN RESISTANCE V. MODEL 4: DNA METHYLATION VI. MODEL 5: CELL GROWTH REGULATORS VII. FOOD INTAKE RELATIONSHIPS VIII. PREVENTION OF COLON CANCER

Chapter 24: Nutrition and Prostate Cancer

I. INTRODUCTION II. DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER III. STUDIES OF DIET IN RELATION TO PROSTATE CANCER IV. GENETICS AND GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS V. DIETARY INTERVENTION TRIALS VI. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Chapter 25: Nutrition and Lung Cancer

I. INTRODUCTION II. DIETARY CONSTITUENTS AND PRIMARY PREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER III. DIETARY CONSTITUENTS AND PREVENTION OF SECOND LUNG CANCER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 26: Nutrition and the Patient with Cancer

I. INTRODUCTION II. RATIONALE AND IMPORTANCE OF OPTIMAL NUTRITION III. CANCER CACHEXIA IV. BASIC NUTRITION CONCEPTS FOR MANAGING PATIENTS WITH CANCER V. NUTRITION ISSUES THROUGHOUT THE CONTINUUM OF CARE VI. SPECIAL SITUATIONS VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

C.: Diabetes Mellitus

Chapter 27: Obesity and the Risk for Diabetes

I. INTRODUCTION II. DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF OBESITY AND DIABETES III. WHY ARE THE OBESE AT RISK? IV. CONCLUSION

Chapter 28: Nutrition Management for Type 1 Diabetes

I. INTRODUCTION II. DEFINITION AND BURDEN OF TYPE 1 DIABETES III. DIABETES MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY IV. INSULIN REGIMENS v. CONCLUSION

Chapter 29: Nutritional Management for Type 2 Diabetes

I. INTRODUCTION II. ENERGY INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT III. MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE IV. TRACE MINERAL REQUIREMENTS V. CONCLUSION

Chapter 30: Nutritional Management for Gestational Diabetes

I. INTRODUCTION II. SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS III. RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS IV. TREATMENT AND MONITORING V. POSTPARTUM RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS VI. CONCLUSION

D.: Obesity

Chapter 31: Obesity: Overview of Treatments and Interventions

I. INTRODUCTION II. ASSESSMENT OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY III. LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION IV. PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTION V. SURGICAL TREATMENT VI. SPECIAL ISSUES IN THE TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC OBESITY VII. ACUTE WEIGHT LOSS VERSUS MAINTAINING LONG-TERM WEIGHT LOSS VIII. THE FUTURE OF WEIGHT MANAGEMENT

Chapter 32: Obesity: Role of Physical Activity

I. INTRODUCTION II. RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IN POPULATIONS III. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DETERMINANTS AND ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY IV. ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN TREATMENT (WEIGHT LOSS) OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY: EVIDENCE FROM RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS V. ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PREVENTING AND TREATING OBESITY-RELATED COMORBIDITIES VI. CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 33: Macronutrient Intake and the Control of Body Weight

I. INTRODUCTION II. FAT CHANCE III. ESTABLISHING CAUSAL LINKS IV. IS IT FAT OR ENERGY DENSITY? V. ARE CARBOHYDRATES THE CULPRIT RESPONSIBLE FOR OVERWEIGHT? VI. ENERGY COMPENSATION FOR FAT AND SUGAR SUBSTITUTES VII. PROTEIN PARADOX VIII. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH ON MACRONUTRIENTS AND INTAKE

Chapter 34: Behavioral Risk Factors for Obesity: Diet and Physical Activity

I. INTRODUCTION II. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY III. DIETARY FACTORS IV. SUMMARY AND PUBLIC HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS V. CONCLUSION

Chapter 35: Role of Taste and Appetite in Body Weight Regulation

I. INTRODUCTION II. GENETICS AND BODY WEIGHT III. TASTE FACTORS AND FOOD CHOICES IV. HUNGER, APPETITE, AND SATIETY V. ENERGY DENSITY OF FOODS VI. APPETITE FOR ENERGY

E.: Gastrointestinal Diseases

Chapter 36: Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal Symptoms

I. INTRODUCTION II. EXCESSIVE GAS III. HEARTBURN AND GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE IV. DIARRHEA V. CONSTIPATION VI. NAUSEA AND VOMITING VII. CONCLUSION

Chapter 37: Nutrient Considerations in Lactose Intolerance

I. INTRODUCTION II. LACTOSE IN THE DIET III. DIGESTION OF LACTOSE IV. LOSS OF LACTASE ACTIVITY V. DIAGNOSIS OF LACTOSE MALDIGESTION VI. LACTOSE MALDIGESTION AND INTOLERANCE SYMPTOMS VII. LACTOSE DIGESTION, CALCIUM, AND OSTEOPOROSIS VIII. DIETARY MANAGEMENT FOR LACTOSE MALDIGESTION IX. GENE THERAPY FOR LACTOSE INTOLERANCE X. SUMMARY

Chapter 38: Nutrient Considerations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Short Bowel Syndrome

I. INTRODUCTION II. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE III. SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME IV. CONCLUSION

Chapter 39: Nutrition and Liver Disease

I. INTRODUCTION II. PATHOGENESIS OF MALNUTRITION III. MAJOR LIVER DISEASES IV. NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF LIVER DISEASES V. PREPARATION FOR LIVER TRANSPLANT VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

F.: Other Major Diseases

Chapter 40: Nutrition and Renal Disease

I. INTRODUCTION II. CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE III. NUTRITION FOR THE PATIENT REQUIRING RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IV. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE POST-TRANSPLANT PATIENT V. CONCLUSION

Chapter 41: Nutritional Management of Parkinson’s Disease and Other Conditions Like Alzheimer’s Disease

I. INTRODUCTION II. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN RELATION TO COGNITIVE FUNCTION III. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN RELATION TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE IV. SPECIFIC NUTRITIONAL TRIALS IN COGNITIVE, ALZHEIMER’S, AND PARKINSON’S DISEASES V. NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS VI. SUMMARY

Chapter 42: Osteoporosis

I. INTRODUCTION II. NUTRITION IN THE OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURE CONTEXT III. PROBLEMS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS ON BONE IV. THE NOTION OF A NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT V. THE NATURAL INTAKE OF CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D VI. CALCIUM VII. VITAMIN D VIII. VITAMIN K IX. OTHER ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS X. CONCLUSION

Chapter 43: Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder

I. INTRODUCTION II. DEFINITIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA III. ETIOLOGY IV. ANOREXIA NERVOSA V. BULIMIA NERVOSA VI. EATING DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED VII. OUTCOME VIII. PREVENTION OF EATING DISORDERS IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 44: Nutrition and Food Allergy

I. INTRODUCTION II. DEFINITIONS III. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND ALLERGY IV. PREVALENCE OF FOOD ALLERGY V. FOOD ALLERGENS VI. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF FOOD ALLERGY VII. NONALLERGIC IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASES VIII. NONIMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS TO FOODS IX. CONDITIONS WITH NO PROVEN RELATIONSHIP TO FOODS X. DIAGNOSIS OF FOOD ALLERGY XI. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS XII. TREATMENT XIII. PROGNOSIS OF FOOD ALLERGY XIV. PREVENTION OF FOOD ALLERGY XV. FOOD ADDITIVES XVI. GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOODS

Chapter 45: Nutrition and Cystic Fibrosis

I. INTRODUCTION II. OVERVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS III. PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IV. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION V. CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 46: Osteomalacia

I. INTRODUCTION II. MINERALIZATION III. OSTEOMALACIC BONE IV. CAUSES OF OSTEOMALACIA V. TREATMENT OF OSTEOMALACIA

Chapter 47: Nutrition and Immunodeficiency Syndromes

I. INTRODUCTION II. HIV-ASSOCIATED WEIGHT LOSS III. HIV-ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY SYNDROME IV. CAUSES OF WEIGHT LOSS IN HIV/AIDS V. HORMONAL IMBALANCES VI. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT VII. NUTRITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS VIII. NUTRITIONAL COUNSELING IX. SUMMARY

G.: Overall Disease Prevention

Chapter 48: Nutrition Guidelines to Maintain Health

I. INTRODUCTION II. GUIDELINES FOR NUTRIENT ADEQUACY AND SAFETY III. GUIDELINES FOR HEALTHY FOOD CHOICES IV. BEYOND FOOD AND NUTRIENT GUIDELINES: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES V. SUMMARY

Epilogue Index

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