Criminology by Lee, Maggy, Plummer, Ken, South, Nigel, Cox, Pam, Carrabine, Eamonn -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Contents List of illustrations Notes on the authors Acknowledgements Part 1: The Criminological Imagination

Timeline 1. Introduction

An introduction: the many meanings of criminology What counts as a criminological topic? Criminological methods Sociology and the ‘sociological imagination’ Sociology and the ‘criminological imagination’ Sociology, social divisions and crime Structure of the book How to use the book Special features

Chapter summaries Critical thinking questions Suggestions for further study Suggestions about more information Glossary

2. Histories of Crime

Introduction Historical patterns: declining violence

British prosecution patterns

Trends in historical writing Men and crime Women and crime Youth and crime The ‘dangerous class’, ‘underclass’, race and crime Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

3. Researching Crime

Introduction Criminological research methods Criminological data Thinking critically about statistics

Recorded crime Racist incidents: an example of thinking critically about recorded crime National crime victimization surveys International, local and commercial crime victimization surveys

Thinking positively about crime statistics Criminologists and criminals Moral, ethical and legal issues

Codes of ethics

Taking sides in criminological research

Becker and ‘underdog sociology’ Ohlin and policy-forming sociology

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

Part 2: Thinking about Crime

4. The Enlightenment and Early Traditions

Introduction

A caution

Enlightenment thinking about crime The classical tradition in criminology

Back to justice: some recent classical developments Problems with the classical model

The positivist movement

The criminal type and Lombroso Statistical regularity and positivism The positivist inheritance Problems with the positivist model

Tensions between positivism and classical thinking Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

5. Early Sociologies of Crime

Introduction The normality of crime

Problems with functionalism

The egoism of crime in capitalist society

Problems with Marxism

Cultural transmission, city life and the Chicago School

The Chicago School and crime

Crime as learned: differential association theory

Problems with the Chicago School

Anomie and the stresses and strains of crime

Problems with anomie theory Gangs, youth and deviant subcultures Synthesizing the theories?

Control theories

Neutralization theory Social control theory Problems with control theory

Reintegrative shaming? Written out of criminological history?

Early black sociologists Early sociological studies of women and girls

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

6. Radicalizing Traditions

Introduction ‘Deviance’ and labelling

Becker, Lemert and Cohen Wider contributions Problems with labelling theory Developments

Crime as conflict

Jeffrey Reiman and economic conflicts

The new criminology

Left realism Left idealism?

The Birmingham Centre and the new subcultural theory

Some problems

Feminist criminology

Critique of malestream criminology Men, masculinity and crime

Foucault and discourse theory Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

7. Crime, Social Theory and Social Change

Introduction Crime and the movement to late modernity

The exclusive society and the vertigo of late modernity

Postmodernism and crime

Cultural criminology

Comparative criminology, globalization and crime

Globalization Rebirth of human rights theories

The risk society: actuarial justice and contradictory criminologies

The genealogy of risk

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

8. Crime, Place and Space

Introduction Offenders, offences and place

Spatial distribution of crime

Crime prevention, space and communities

Changing spaces: urban design and crime Living in spaces: everyday negotiations of disorder

Mapping and the uses of geo-data

Critical cartography

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

Part 3: Doing Crime

9. Victims and Victimization

Introduction The role of victims within the criminal justice system Defining crime and victimization The hierarchy of victimization Different types of victimology Crime victimization surveys Social variables in crime victimization

Social class Age Gender Ethnicity

The impact of crime Towards a victim-oriented criminal justice process? Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

10. Crime and Property

Introduction Patterns of property crime Comparative experiences The hidden figure of property crime Profile of property crime offenders Everybody does it? Social distribution of crime risks

Social class Ethnicity Age Geography

Controlling property crime Other forms of property crime

Theft and illegal export of cultural property Theft of intellectual property Biopiracy

New horizons in understanding property crime Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

11. Crime, Sexuality and Gender

Introduction Understanding sex offences: sex crimes, gender and violence

Feminist perspectives Rape as social control Date rape Rape, war crime and genocide Pornography

The instrumental and symbolic role of law in sex crimes

Panics around sex crimes

The changing character of sex crimes

Sex crimes on the Internet Changes in the law concerning sexual offences in the United Kingdom

Sex offences in global perspective Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

12. Crime, the Emotions and Social Psychology

Introduction Rediscovering the emotions

Status, stigma and seduction Conceptualizing emotions

Fear of crime

Urbanism, anxiety and the human condition

Hate crime

The thrill of it all?

Self-esteem, shame and respect

Stories from the street

Humiliation, rage and edgework

Risk, excitement and routine

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

13. Organizational and Professional Forms of Crime

Introduction

Thinking about organizational and professional crime

Crime in the world of illegal enterprise

Professional organized crime in Britain, 1930s–2000 Ethnicity, outsiders and the organization of crime Organized crime as local and global

Crime in the world of lawful professions

Defining and identifying ‘crimes’ of the powerful Definitions and breadth Crime and the professions

Crime in the world of corporate-level business and commerce

Crimes of the powerful Transnational corporate crimes

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

14. Drugs, Alcohol, Health and Crime

Introduction Controlling illicit drugs and alcohol

Drug politics and policy in the United Kingdom The anomaly of alcohol control

Drugs as a global issue

The opium trade in the nineteenth century The drugs trade in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

Are drugs ‘a problem’? Drugs and crime

Criminal groups and the drug market

Controlling drugs Alcohol and crime Drugs, alcohol, crime and community: a public health issue

Connecting crime and health issues Crime, public health and social inequalities Public health as social policing

Medicine as a form of social control

Medical and psychiatric interventions as social control Medicalization of control in prisons Medicine and the criminal justice system

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

Part 4: Controlling Crime

15. Thinking about Punishment

Introduction Philosophical justifications

Reductivist principles Retributivist principles

Sociological explanations

Durkheim and social solidarity Marx and political economy Foucault and disciplinary power Feminist challenges

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

16. The Criminal Justice Process

Introduction Historical context Overview of criminal justice institutions Key stages of the criminal justice process

The police The Crown Prosecution Service The judiciary The Probation Service

The nature of criminal justice

Procedural justice Substantive justice Negotiated justice

Criminal justice in crisis? Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

17. Police and Policing

Introduction Historical origins and continuities Police roles and functions Police culture Police accountability

Legal accountability Political accountability Managerial accountability

Police deviance and criminality Privatization, pluralization and transnationalization in policing Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

18. Prisons and Imprisonment

Introduction Comparing penal systems Origins of imprisonment Why prison? The modern prison estate Contemporary crises

The expanding prison population Overcrowding and conditions Authority and managerialism

Social consequences

Youth custody Gendered prisons Ethnicity, nationality and racism

Prison sociology

Prisoner subcultures and ‘mind games’ Prison riots and the problem of order

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

Part 5: Globalizing Crime

19. Green Criminology

Introduction Globalization and the risk society Green criminology Harms, connections and consequences

Harms to the planet and its inhabitants: a typology

Secondary or symbiotic green crimes

State violence against oppositional groups Hazardous waste and organized crime

The criminalization of environmental offences The making of green crimes: criminalizing environmental issues

Early legislation Growth of environmental legislation

Green crimes, social costs and social exclusion

Developing nations as ‘dump sites’ Local communities as dump sites

Fighting back: green movements of resistance and change A green backlash? Ways ahead in a risk society

The green criminology agenda

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

20. Crime and the Media

Introduction Blurring boundaries Media effects, popular anxieties and violent representations

Meanings of violence

Dramatizing crime, manufacturing consent and news production

Current debates

Imagining transgression, representing detection and consuming crime

Addressing audiences

Crime in cyberspace

Types of cybercrime Child pornography

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

21. Terrorism, State Crime and Human Rights

Introduction The emergence and institutionalization of the human rights paradigm Human trafficking Criminology, human rights and crimes of the state Terrorism – a useful concept? State responses to terror

Torture Crimes of war

Capital punishment Conclusion Summary Critical thinking questions Further study More information

22. Criminological Futures

Introduction Visions of the future? Persistence of the past Extension of current trends The present into the future

Criminological thinking – present and future?

Criminological futures? Risk and risky populations as the future focus of control? A different future: towards a public criminology

An agenda for a public criminology An outline of a public criminology

Summary Critical thinking questions Further study

Glossary Bibliography Webliography Index

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