A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking by O'Hair, Dan -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

About this Book

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Coverage in A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking, Sixth Edition, Correlated with NCA’s Learning Outcomes in Communication How to Use the Book and Digital Resources Preface Brief Contents Contents

Part 1 Getting Started

Chapter 1 Becoming a Public Speaker

Gain a Vital Life Skill

Advance Your Professional Goals Enhance Your Career as a Student Find New Opportunities for Civic Engagement

The Classical Roots of Public Speaking Learning to Speak in Public

Draw on Conversational Skills Draw on Skills in Composition Develop an Effective Oral Style Demonstrate Respect for Difference

Public Speaking as a Form of Communication Public Speaking as an Interactive Communication Process

Chapter 2 From A to Z: Overview of a Speech

Analyze the Audience Select a Topic Determine the Speech Purpose Compose a Thesis Statement Develop the Main Points Gather Supporting Materials Arrange the Speech into Its Major Parts Outline the Speech Consider Presentation Aids Practice Delivering the Speech

Chapter 3 Managing Speech Anxiety

Identify What Makes You Anxious

Lack of Positive Experience Feeling Different Being the Center of Attention

Pinpoint the Onset of Anxiety

Pre-Preparation Anxiety Preparation Anxiety Pre-Performance Anxiety Performance Anxiety

Use Proven Strategies to Build Your Confidence

Prepare and Practice Modify Thoughts and Attitudes Visualize Success

Activate the Relaxation Response

Briefly Meditate Use Stress-Control Breathing

Use Movement to Minimize Anxiety Learn from Feedback

Chapter 4 Ethical Public Speaking

Demonstrate Competence and Character Respect Your Listeners’ Values Contribute to Positive Public Discourse Use Your Rights of Free Speech Responsibly Observe Ethical Ground Rules

Be Trustworthy Demonstrate Respect Make Responsible Speech Choices Demonstrate Fairness Be Civic-Minded

Avoid Plagiarism

Orally Acknowledge Your Sources Citing Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries

Fair Use, Copyright, and Ethical Speaking

Chapter 5 Listeners and Speakers

Recognize the Centrality of Listening Recognize That We Listen Selectively Anticipate Obstacles to Listening

Minimize External and Internal Distractions Refrain from Multitasking Guard against Scriptwriting and Defensive Listening Beware of Laziness and Overconfidence Work to Overcome Cultural Barriers

Practice Active Listening

Set Listening Goals Listen for Main Ideas

Strive for the Open and Respectful Exchange of Ideas Evaluate Evidence and Reasoning Offer Constructive and Compassionate Feedback

Part 2 Development

Chapter 6 Analyzing the Audience

Adapt to Audience Psychology: Who Are Your Listeners?

“If the Value Fits, Use It” Gauge Listeners’ Feelings toward the Topic Gauge Listeners’ Feelings toward You as the Speaker Gauge Listeners’ Feelings toward the Occasion

Adapt Your Message to Audience Demographics

Age Ethnic and Cultural Background Socioeconomic Status Religion Political Affiliation Gender and Sexual Orientation Group Affiliations

Adapt to Diverse Audiences

Adapt to Cross-Cultural Values Focus on Universal Values

Tools for Learning About Your Audience

Conduct Interviews Survey the Audience Consult Published Sources

Analyze the Speech Setting and Context

Chapter 7 Selecting a Topic and Purpose

Explore Topics for Your Speech

Identify Personal Interests Consider Current Events and Controversial Issues Survey Grassroots Issues: Engage the Community Steer Clear of Overused and Trivial Topics Try Brainstorming to Generate Ideas Use Internet Tools

Identify the General Purpose of Your Speech Refine the Topic and Purpose

Narrow Your Topic Form a Specific Speech Purpose Compose a Thesis Statement

From Source to Speech: Narrowing Your Topic to Fit Your Audience

Chapter 8 Developing Supporting Material

Offer Examples Share Stories Draw on Testimony Provide Facts and Statistics

Use Statistics Accurately Use Statistics Selectively—and Memorably Present Statistics Ethically

Chapter 9 Finding Credible Sources in Print and Online

Assess Your Research Needs Use Library Portals to Access Credible Sources Recognize Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation Investigate a Mix of Primary and Secondary Sources

Explore Primary Sources Explore Secondary Sources

From Source to Speech: Evaluating Web Sources

Chapter 10 Citing Sources in Your Speech

Alert Listeners to Key Source Information

Establish the Source’s Trustworthiness Qualify the Source

Avoid a Mechanical Delivery

Vary the Wording Vary the Order

Types of Sources and Sample Oral Citations

Book Reference Work Article in a Journal, Newspaper, or Magazine Website Blog Television or Radio Program Online Video Testimony (Lay or Expert) Interview and Other Personal Communication

Part 3 Organization

Chapter 11 Organizing the Body of the Speech

Use Main Points to Make Your Major Claims

Restrict the Number of Main Points Restrict Each Main Point to a Single Idea Use the Purpose and Thesis Statements as Guides

Use Supporting Points to Substantiate Your Claims Pay Close Attention to Coordination and Subordination

Principles of Coordination and Subordination

Strive for a Unified, Coherent, and Balanced Organization Use Transitions to Give Direction to the Speech

Use Transitions between Speech Points Use Internal Previews and Summaries as Transitions

From Point to Point: Using Transitions to Guide Your Listeners

Chapter 12 Selecting an Organizational Pattern

Arranging Speech Points Chronologically Arranging Speech Points Using a Spatial Pattern Arranging Speech Points Using a Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern Arranging Speech Points Using a Problem-Solution Pattern Arranging Speech Points Topically Arranging Speech Points Using a Narrative Pattern

Chapter 13 Preparing Outlines for the Speech

Plan on Creating Two Outlines

Use Sentences, Phrases, or Key Words Use a Key-Word Outline for Optimal Eye Contact

Create a Working Outline First Prepare a Speaking Outline for Delivery

Part 4 Starting, Finishing, and Styling

Chapter 14 Developing the Introduction and Conclusion

Preparing the Introduction

Gain Audience Attention Preview the Topic, Purpose, and Main Points Establish Credibility as a Speaker Motivate the Audience to Accept Your Goals

Preparing the Conclusion

Signal the End of the Speech and Provide Closure Summarize the Key Points Reiterate the Topic and Speech Purpose Challenge the Audience to Respond Make the Conclusion Memorable

Chapter 15 Using Language

Use an Oral Style

Strive for Simplicity Make Frequent Use of Repetition Use Personal Pronouns

Choose Concrete Language and Vivid Imagery

Offer Vivid Imagery Use Figures of Speech Avoid Clichés, Mixed Metaphors, and Faulty Analogies

Choose Words That Build Credibility

Use Words Appropriately Use Words Accurately Use the Active Voice Use Inclusive, Unbiased Language

Choose Words That Create a Lasting Impression

Use Repetition to Create Rhythm Use Alliteration for a Poetic Quality Experiment with Parallelism

Part 5 Delivery

Chapter 16 Methods of Delivery

Keys to Effective Delivery Select a Method of Delivery

Speaking from Manuscript Speaking from Memory Speaking Impromptu Speaking Extemporaneously

Chapter 17 Your Voice in Delivery

Adjust Your Speaking Volume Vary Your Intonation Adjust Your Speaking Rate Use Strategic Pauses Strive for Vocal Variety Carefully Pronounce and Articulate Words Use Dialect (Language Variation) with Care

Chapter 18 Your Body in Delivery

Pay Attention to Body Language

Animate Your Facial Expressions Maintain Eye Contact Use Gestures That Feel Natural Create a Feeling of Immediacy Maintain Good Posture

Practice the Delivery

Focus on the Message Plan Ahead and Practice Often

From Weak to Confident Delivery: Enhancing Your Delivery with Body Language

Part 6 Presentation Aids

Chapter 19 Speaking with Presentation Aids

Select an Appropriate Aid

Props and Models Pictures Graphs, Charts, and Tables Audio, Video, and Multimedia

Options for Showing Presentation Aids

Flip Charts Chalkboards and Whiteboards

Chapter 20 Designing Presentation Aids

Keep the Design Simple Use Design Elements Consistently Select Appropriate Typeface Styles and Fonts Use Color Carefully Consider Subjective Interpretations of Color

Chapter 21 Using Presentation Software

Give a Speech, Not a Slide Show Develop a Plan Avoid Technical Glitches Find Media for Presentations Avoid Copyright Infringement From Slide Show to Presentation: Getting Ready to Deliver a PowerPoint, Keynote, or Prezi Presentation

Part 7 Types of Speeches

Chapter 22 Informative Speaking

Use Audience Analysis Present New and Interesting Information Look for Ways to Increase Understanding Subject Matter of Informative Speeches Decide How to Communicate Your Information Take Steps to Reduce Confusion

Use Analogies to Build on Prior Knowledge Appeal to Different Learning Styles

Arrange Points in a Pattern Sample Informative Speech: Saundra Dixon, Going Carbon Neutral on Campus

Chapter 23 Principles of Persuasive Speaking

Persuasive Speeches Appeal to Human Psychology Classical Persuasive Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

Appeal to Reason Appeal to Emotion Appeal to Credibility

Contemporary Persuasive Appeals: Needs and Motivations

Appeal to What Motivates Audience Members Appeal to Audience Members’ Needs Encourage Mental Engagement Demonstrate Speaker Credibility Consider Cultural Orientation

Chapter 24 Constructing the Persuasive Speech

Identify the Nature of Your Claims Use Convincing Evidence

Offer Secondary Sources (“External Evidence”) Offer Speaker Expertise as Evidence Offer Evidence That Appeals to Audience Needs and Motivations

Select Warrants Counterarguments: Addressing the Other Side Avoid Fallacies in Reasoning Strengthen Your Case with Organization

What Do Your Claims and Evidence Suggest? What Response Do You Seek? What is the Audience’s Disposition? Problem-Solution Pattern of Arrangement Comparative Advantage Pattern of Arrangement Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Refutation Pattern of Arrangement

Sample Persuasive Speech: Jacob Hahn, Becoming a Socially Conscious Consumer

Chapter 25 Speaking on Special Occasions

Functions of Special Occasion Speeches Types of Special Occasion Speeches

Speeches of Introduction Speeches of Acceptance Speeches of Presentation Roasts and Toasts Eulogies and Other Tributes After-Dinner Speeches Speeches of Inspiration

Sample Special Occasion Speech: Will Ferrell, 2017 University of Southern California Commencement Address

Part 8 Online, Group, and Business Contexts

Chapter 26 Preparing Online Presentations

Apply Your Knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking Plan for the Unique Demands of Online Delivery

Know the Equipment Focus on Vocal Variety Provide Superior Visual Aids

Plan the Delivery Mode

Real-Time Presentations Recorded Presentations

Choose an Online Presentation Format

Video Podcasts and Vodcasts Webinars

Chapter 27 Communicating in Groups

Focus on Goals Plan on Assuming Dual Roles Center Disagreements around Issues Resist Groupthink Adopt an Effective Leadership Style

Set Goals Encourage Active Participation Use Reflective Thinking

Chapter 28 Delivering Group Presentations

Use Group Communication Guidelines

Analyze the Audience and Set Goals Assign Roles and Tasks Establish Information Needs Establish Transitions between Speakers Consider the Presenters’ Strengths Coordinate the Presentation Aids Rehearse the Presentation Several Times

Presenting in Panels, Symposia, and Forums

Panel Discussions Symposia Public Forums

Chapter 29 Business and Professional Presentations

Become Familiar with Reports and Proposals

The Sales Proposal The Staff Report The Progress Report

Part 9 Speaking in Other College Courses

Chapter 30 Presentations Assigned across the Curriculum

Journal Article Review The Service Learning Presentation The Poster Presentation The Debate

Debate Sides, Resolutions, and Formats Advance Strong Arguments

The Case Study Prepare for Different Types of Audiences

Chapter 31 Science and Mathematics Courses

Preparing Effective Presentations in Science and Mathematics Research Presentation Process Analysis Presentation Field Study Presentation

Chapter 32 Technical Courses

Preparing Effective Technical Presentations Engineering Design Review Architecture Design Review Request for Funding

Chapter 33 Social Science Courses

Preparing Effective Presentations in the Social Sciences Literature Review Presentation Program Evaluation Presentation Policy Proposal Presentation

Chapter 34 Arts and Humanities Courses

Preparing Effective Arts and Humanities Presentations Presentations of Interpretation and Analysis Presentations That Compare and Contrast Debates

Chapter 35 Education Courses

Preparing Effective Education Presentations Delivering a Lecture Facilitating a Group Activity Facilitating a Classroom Discussion

Chapter 36 Nursing and Allied Health Courses

Preparing Effective Presentations in Nursing and Allied Health Courses Evidence-Based Practice Presentation Clinical Case Study Presentation Quality Improvement Proposal Treatment Plan Report

Appendices

Appendix A Citation Guidelines

Chicago Documentation APA Documentation MLA Documentation CSE Documentation IEEE Documentation

Appendix B Question-and-Answer Sessions

Protocol during the Session Handling Hostile and Otherwise Troubling Questions Ending the Session

Appendix C Preparing for Mediated Communication

Speaking on Television Dress and Makeup Speaking on Radio: The Media Interview

Appendix D Tips for Non-Native Speakers of English

Think Positively Consider Your Context and Audience Capitalize on Your Language Uniqueness Practice, Practice, Practice Focus on Your Pronunciation Final Suggestions

Glossary Notes Index Features Speech Videos Back Cover

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