The Manhattan Project by Richard Rhodes -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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Cover Title Page Copyright Table of Contents Preface: The Manhattan Project Seventy-Five Years Later From the Editor: Preserving the Manhattan Project Cynthia C. Kelly, President, Atomic Heritage Foundation Introduction: Richard Rhodes, Author, The Making of the Atomic Bomb Section One: Explosive Discoveries and Bureaucratic Inertia

Thinking No Pedestrian Thoughts, Richard Rhodes The Atomic Bombs Burst in Their Fumbling Hands, H. G. Wells If Only We Had Been Clever Enough, Leona Marshall Libby What Wasn’t Expected Wasn’t Seen!, Edward Teller I Had Come Close but Had Missed a Great Discovery, Philip Abelson Enlisting Einstein, William Lanouette Albert Einstein to F. D. Roosevelt, Albert Einsten and Franklin D. Roosevelt A Practically Irresistible Super-Bomb, Otto R. Frisch and Rudolf Peierls Working for Otto Frisch, J. Wechsler Likely to Lead to Decisive Results, The MAUD Report, March 1941 “Wild” Notions about Atom Bombs, G. Pascal Zachary Transatlantic Travails, Andrew Brown

Section Two: An Unprecedented Alliance

The Rather Fuzzy State of Our Thinking, James G. Hershberg The Stuff Will… Be More Powerful Than We… Thought, Vannevar Bush You’ll Never Get a Chain Reaction Going Here, Richard Rhodes The Chicago Pile-1: The First Chain Reaction, Enrico Fermi Fermi Was Cool as a Cucumber, Crawford Greenewalt Proceeding in the Dark, General Leslie R. Groves Swimming in Syrup, Robert Jungk The Los Alamos Primer: How to Make an Atomic Bomb, Robert Serber These Were Very Great Men Indeed, Richard Feynman Misunderstandings and Anxieties, Stephane Groueff A Weapon of Devastating Power… Will Soon Become Available, Niels Bohr to Winston Churchill One Top Secret Agreement Too Many, Winston Churchill

Section Three: An Extraordinary Pair

His Potential Outweighed Any Security Risk, General Leslie R. Groves Scientific Director for the Special Laboratory in New Mexico, James B. Conant and General Leslie R. Groves to J. Robert Oppenheimer When You Looked at Captain Groves, a Little Alarm Bell Rang “Caution,” Robert S. Norris Decisive, Confident, and Cool, Robert DeVore A Bureaucratic Warrior of the First Rank, Robert S. Norris The Biggest S.O.B., Colonel Kenneth D. Nichols Not Right—Do It Again., Colonel John Lansdale Jr. “A Jewish Pan” at Berkeley, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin The Absentminded Professor, Berkeley Gazette, February 14, 1934 His Head Wreathed in a Cloud of Smoke, Edward Gerjuoy A Psychiatrist by Vocation and a Physicist by Avocation, Jeremy Bernstein The Most Compelling Man, Jennet Conant Appeasing General Groves, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin Visions of Immortality, Robert S. Norris An Audacious Gamble, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin Then Robert Oppenheimer Walked onto the Page, Joseph Kanon Doctor Atomic: The Myth and the Man, John Adams A Cascade of Different Oppenheimers, Jon Else

Section Four: Secret Cities

A New and Uncertain Adventure in the Wilderness, Stephane Groueff A Crazy Place to Do Any War Thing, Stirling Colgate Excitement, Devotion, and Patriotism Prevailed, J. Robert Oppenheimer The Case of the Vanishing Physicists, Stanislaw Ulam Learning on the Job, Rebecca Diven Life at P.O. Box 1663, Ruth Marshak A Boy’s Adventures at Los Alamos, Dana Mitchell Something Extraordinary Was Happening Here, Katrina Mason A Relief from the Hubbub of the Hill, Katrina Mason An SED at Los Alamos, Benjamin Bederson A Bad Time to Get a New Boss, Joseph Kanon Tumbleweed and Jackrabbits in the Evergreen State, Steve Buckingham Making Toilet Paper, Roger Rohrbacher Termination Winds, Michele Gerber Whoever Gets There First Will Win the War, Leon Overstreet The Whole Project Was Like a Three-Legged Stool, Walter Simon Cover Stories, Colonel Franklin T. Matthias K-25 Plant: Forty-Four Acres and a Mile Long, William J. Wilcox Tennessee Girls on the Job, Colleen Black Ode to Life Behind the Fence, Clifford and Colleen Black Operating Oak Ridge’s “Calutrons,” Theodore Rockwell Men, Write Home for Christmas, Norman Brown An Answer to Their Prayers, Valeria Steele All-Black Crews with White Foremen, Robert Bauman Manhattan Project Sites in Manhattan, Robert S. Norris Manhattan Project Sites in Washington, D.C., Robert S.Norris Monsanto’s Playhouse for Polonium, Stephane Groueff Mysteries at the Met Lab, Isabella Karle A Message from Town Management

Section Five: Secrecy, Intelligence, and Counterintelligence

Unprecedented Security Measures, Robert S. Norris Security: A Headache on the Hill, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin Mrs. Farmer, I Presume, Laura Fermi As If They Were Walking in the Woods, Colonel John Lansdale Jr. Electric Rocket Story Fails to Launch, Charlotte Serber A Spy in Our Midst, Laura Fermi Never… in Our Wildest Dreams, Lilli Hornig The Youngest Spies, Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel Enormoz Espionage, Gregg Herken Undercover Agents at Berkeley, Gregg Herken Jump Start for the Soviets, David Holloway; Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel Holes in the Security Fence, Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel A Calming Role for the Counterintelligence Corps, Thomas O. Jones The Alsos Mission: Scientists as Sleuths, Robert S. Norris From France to the Black Forest: Seeking Atomic Scientists, Richard Rhodes I Have Been Expecting You, Colonel John Lansdale Jr.

Section Six: The Trinity Test

Leaving the Bomb Project, Joseph Rotblat Anticipating the End of War, Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin Scientists Will Be Held Responsible, Arthur Holly Compton Advising Against the Bomb, The Franck Report, June 1945 No Acceptable Alternative, The Interim Committee Report, June 1945 Scientists Petition the President, Leo Szilard and Other Scientists Watching Trinity, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell and General Leslie R. Groves Babysitting the Bomb, Don Hornig A Handful of Soldiers at Trinity, Val Fitch Eyewitness Accounts of the Trinity Test, Edwin McMillan, Kenneth Greisen, Enrico Fermi, Maurice Shapiro, Robert Serber Violence without Limit, Joseph Kanon

Section Seven: Dropping the Bombs

Aiming for Military and Psychological Effects, Target Committee Admiral Chester W. Nimitz: Born Too Soon, Frederick L. Ashworth The 509th Composite Group at Tinian Island, Stephen Walker Official Bombing Order, 25 July, 1945, Thos. T. Handy A Very Sobering Event, Operational History of the 509th Bombardment Massive Pain, Suffering, and Horror, Tsuyoshi Hasegawa Miss Yamaoka, You Look Like a Monster, Richard B. Frank For All We Know, We Have Created a Frankenstein!, Paul Boyer The Battle of the Laboratories, President Harry S Truman The Culmination of Years of Herculean Effort, Henry L. Stimson Eyewitness over Nagasaki, William Laurence It Was Over!, Lieutenant Colonel Fred J. Olivi The Atomic Bomb’s Peculiar “Disease,” George Weller

Section Eight: Reflections on the Bomb

Outwitting General Groves, Harold Agnew Speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists, J. Robert Oppenheimer You Have Done Excellent Work, J. Robert Oppenheimer A Citizen’s Guide to the Atomic Bomb: The Smyth Report, Henry DeWolf Smyth Hersey’s Hiroshima, John Hersey The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, Henry L. Stimson History Is Often Not What Actually Happened, Barton J. Bernstein A Question of Motives, Patrick M. S. Blackett Thank God for the Atom Bomb, Paul Fussell The Return to Nothingness, Felix Morley The Bomb in National Memories, Tsuyoshi Hasegawa Hiroshima in History, J. Samuel Walker Why Does This Decision Continue to Haunt Us?, Gar Alperovitz

Section Nine: Living with the Bomb

On the International Control of Atomic Energy, Acheson-Lilienthal Report, March 1946 Open Letter to the United Nations, Niels Bohr, June 1950 I Hope Not a Soul Will Remember My Name, Paul Mullins, “Louis Slotin Sonata” Atoms for Peace, Dwight D. Eisenhower, December 1953 A Cold War Warning: The Russell-Einstein Manifesto, July 1955 A World Free of Nuclear Weapons, George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn The Nuclear Threat, Mikhail Gorbachev Thoughts on a 21st-Century Manhattan Project, George A. Cowan

Section Ten: Seventy-Five Years Later

Truman Made the Right Decision, Benjamin Bederson No Regrets, Leona Marshall Libby One Atomic Bomb Was Sufficient, Gerhart Friedlander A Well-Meaning President Made the Worst Decision, Murray Peshkin An Odd Mix of Feelings, Lilli Hornig The Perils of Nuclear Fallout, Ralph Lapp A Global Manhattan Project, Dieter Gruen A Lack of Trust and Confidence, Herbert L. Anderson Before We Die, We Have to Tell Our Stories, Keiko Ogura Doctor, you know our bodies. The atomic bomb is still living, Masao Tomonaga Such a Tragedy Should Never Happen Again, Kazumi Matsui, Mayor of Hiroshima Why Do People Need Such Cruel Weapons?, Tomihisa Taue, Mayor of Nagasaki Mayors for Peace: Achieving a Better World, Yasuyoshi Komizo Open Discussion Is the Only Way to Solve Problems, Kenji Shiga Paper Crane Journey, Tomoko Watanabe Our name is Yamawaki. Where is our father?, Yoshiro Yamawaki The World Was Forever Changed Here, U.S. President Barack Obama The Threat of Nuclear War Is Still with Us, George P. Schultz, William J. Perry and Sam Nunn The Madness of Nuclear Deterrence, Mikhail Gorbachev The End of Nuclear Weapons or the End of Us, Beatrice Fihn and Setsuko Thurlow

Acknowledgments Discover More Chronology Biographies Bibliography Credits

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