Mastering Modern Linux · 2nd Edition by Wang, Paul S. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Halftitle Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents

Preface Introduction 1 A Linux Primer

1.1 What Is an Operating System? 1.2 Getting Started: Login and Logout

Desktop Login Starting a Terminal Window Remote Login

1.3 Understanding the Shell

Entering Commands Trying a Few Commands Correcting Typing Mistakes Aborting a Command

1.4 Exercise A 1.5 Using Files and Directories

Current Working Directory and Filenames Handling Files and Directories Standard Personal Directories

1.6 Protecting Files: Access Control

The Super User Examining the Permission Settings Setting Permissions

1.7 Exercise B 1.8 Text Editing 1.9 Getting Hard/Saved Copies 1.10 Communicating with Others

Who’s Who on the System: finger Email

1.11 Browsing the Web 1.12 Exercise C 1.13 Creating and Running Your Own Program

Compiling

1.14 Exercise D 1.15 Consulting Linux Documentation 1.16 Exercise E 1.17 Rounding Up Useful Commands 1.18 Summary

2 The Desktop Environment

2.1 Desktop Overview 2.2 Desktop Components 2.3 The GNOME 3 Desktop 2.4 Understanding GUI 2.5 Working with the Desktop

Session Control and System Settings Launching Application Programs Managing Files Multiple Workspaces Desktop Appearance

2.6 Windows

The X Window System Window Manager Window Information

2.7 The File Browser

Navigating the File Tree Opening a File or Folder Finding Files Managing Files and Folders Access Control for Files and Folders Writing CDs or DVDs Changing Your Default File Browser

2.8 Terminal Window

Starting a GNOME Terminal Terminal Window and the Shell Select, Copy, and Paste Web and Email Links

2.9 Accessing Help and Documentation 2.10 Summary 2.11 Exercises

3 Interacting with the BASH Shell

3.1 Bash 3.2 Interacting with Bash 3.3 Command-Line Editing and Command Completion 3.4 Bash Command Execution 3.5 Bash Input/Output Redirection

Standard Input and Output I/O Redirection Pipes

3.6 Bash Job Control 3.7 Bash Shell Expansions

History Expansion Alias Expansion Brace and Tilde Expansions Variable Expansion Command Expansion Process Expansion Filename Expansion

3.8 Bash Built-in Commands 3.9 Shell Variables 3.10 Environment of a Program

Command Execution Environment

3.11 Examples of Bash Usage

Customized Prompt Removing Files Safely Copy, Paste, and I/O Redirection Displaying Manual Pages Setting Up Your Personal Web Folder

3.12 Default File Permissions 3.13 Shell Startup and Initialization 3.14 Shell Special Characters and Quoting

Quoting in Bash

3.15 Simple Functions 3.16 For More Information 3.17 Summary 3.18 Exercises

4 Putting Commands and Applications to Use

4.1 Useful GUI Apps

Word Processing Document Formatting and Typesetting Drawing and Diagramming Raster Graphics and Image Processing File Upload and Download Password Manager Cloud Storage 3D Modeling and 3D Printing Mathematical Calculations

4.2 Commands and Filters

Leading and Trailing Lines: head and tail Character Translation: tr Tab Expansion Folding Text Lines Calendar Reminders by Email Sorting Text Lines

4.3 The grep Command 4.4 Regular Expressions

Quoting in Search Patterns

4.5 Patterns for grep 4.6 A Stream Editor: sed 4.7 Building Pipelines

Address Processing

4.8 For More Information 4.9 Summary 4.10 Exercises

5 Writing BASH Scripts

5.1 Invoking Shell Scripts 5.2 A First Shell Script 5.3 Shell Script Execution 5.4 Positional Parameters 5.5 The for Command 5.6 The if Command 5.7 Test Expressions and Exit Status

Exit Status Test Expressions

5.8 The shift Command 5.9 The case Command 5.10 The while and until Commands 5.11 Numerical Expressions 5.12 The break and continue Commands 5.13 File Queries 5.14 Variables 5.15 Arrays 5.16 Variable Modifiers 5.17 The Here Document 5.18 More on Functions

Function Arguments Return Value of a Function

5.19 Redefining Bash Built-in Functions 5.20 Example Bash Scripts

Example: Removing Unwanted Files Example: Conditional Copy Example: Total File Sizes Example: Secure File Transfer Example: Resizing Pictures

5.21 Debugging Shell Scripts 5.22 Error and Interrupt Handling

Interrupt Handling

5.23 The Perl and PHP Alternatives 5.24 For More Information 5.25 Summary 5.26 Exercises

6 The File System

6.1 A File Location Road Map 6.2 File Types

Ordinary Files Directories Special Files Links Symbolic Links

6.3 More on File Access Control

Meaning of Permissions for a Directory

6.4 File Status

File Mode File Userid and Groupid Access Control Enforcement Setuid and Setgid Modes Establishing a Group DAC and MAC

6.5 File System Implementation

Filesystem Organization Mounted Filesystems Filesystem Super Block and Block Groups

6.6 The Filesystem Table 6.7 Creating Special Files 6.8 Network Filesystem 6.9 Searching the File Tree: find 6.10 The locate Command 6.11 Saving, Compressing, and Distributing Files

Packing Files with shar

6.12 File Sharing with Samba 6.13 More File-Related Commands 6.14 For More Information 6.15 Summary 6.16 Exercises

7 Networking, Internet, and the Web

7.1 Networking Protocols 7.2 The Internet

Network Addresses Packet Switching Client and Server

7.3 The Domain Name System 7.4 Networking in Nautilus

Accessing Samba Shared Files

7.5 Networking Commands 7.6 SSH with X11 Forwarding

No Password ssh, sftp, and scp Remote File Synchronization

7.7 Cryptography 7.8 Symmetric Cryptosystems 7.9 Public-Key Cryptography and Digital Signature 7.10 GNU Privacy Guard

Setting Up GnuPG Keys ncryption/Decryption with GnuPG

7.11 Secure Email

Secure Email with Thunderbird

7.12 Message Digests

Software and Message Signing

7.13 The Web

Hypertext Markup Language URLs Accessing Information on the Web

7.14 Handling Different Content Types 7.15 Putting Information on the Web 7.16 What Is HTML? 7.17 Web Hosting 7.18 Domain Registration

Accessing Domain Registration Data

7.19 The DNS

DNS Servers DNS Resolvers

7.20 Dynamic Generation of Web Pages

Dynamic Server Pages

7.21 HTTP Briefly 7.22 A Real HTTP Experience 7.23 For More Information 7.24 Summary 7.25 Exercises

8 Basic System Administration

8.1 Managing Users

Sudo

8.2 Package Management

Software Management Tasks

8.3 Managing Processes 8.4 Network Configuration 8.5 Firewall Settings 8.6 Managing Filesystems and Disks

Disk Partitions Managing Filesystems Adding a New Disk LVM File Storage Quotas

8.7 File and System Backup

Backup with Déjà Dup

8.8 System Booting 8.9 SELinux

SELinux Status and Enforcing Modes Security Contexts Maintaining and Managing File Contexts

8.10 For More Information 8.11 Summary 8.12 Exercises

9 Web Hosting: Apache, MySQL, and PHP

9.1 What Is a Web Server? 9.2 URL and URI 9.3 Request Processing 9.4 Response and Content Types 9.5 The Apache Web Server 9.6 Apache on Linux

Installing Apache with Package Management Running the Apache Web Server Controlling the Apache Server

9.7 Apache Run-Time Configuration

Apache Configuration File Basics About Configuration Directives Loading Modules Global Directives Container Directives

9.8 Access Control under Apache

What Is Access Control? Access Control by Host

9.9 Requiring Passwords

Setting Up User Login under Apache

9.10 How HTTP Basic Authentication Works 9.11 How HTTP Digest Authentication Works

Basic vs. Digest Authentication

9.12 Password Encryption 9.13 Automatic File Deflation 9.14 HTTPS and SSL/TLS 9.15 HTTPS Support 9.16 Manual Installation of Apache

Configure and Compile

9.17 What Is PHP? 9.18 The PHP Module for Apache

Installing the PHP Module

9.19 Testing PHP 9.20 PHP Configuration 9.21 PHP Command Line Scripting 9.22 Database Support for the Web 9.23 MySQL

Initializing, Starting, and Stopping MySQL MySQL Run-Time Configuration Administering MySQL Resetting the MySQL Root Password

9.24 Installing phpMyAdmin 9.25 Installing MySQL/MariaDB 9.26 For More Information 9.27 Summary 9.28 Exercises

10 C Programming in Linux

10.1 Command-Line Arguments

Exit Status Compile and Execute

10.2 Linux Command Argument Conventions 10.3 The GCC Compiler

The gcc Command Options for gcc The C Preprocessor Preventing Multiple Loading of Header Files Compilation Assembly Linking and Loading

10.4 The C Library

I/O to Files File Updating I/O Redirection

10.5 Creating Libraries and Archives 10.6 Error Handling in C Programs

Errors from System and Library Calls Error Indications from Mathematical Functions

10.7 Error Recovery 10.8 Debugging with GDB

Interactive Debugging Basic gdb Commands A Sample Debugging Session with gdb

10.9 Examining Core Dumps 10.10 For More Information 10.11 Summary 10.12 Exercises

11 I/O and Process Control System Calls

11.1 System-Level I/O 11.2 I/O Descriptors 11.3 Reading and Writing I/O Descriptors

Moving the Current Position

11.4 Operations on Files

Creating and Deleting a File Linking and Renaming Files Accessing File Status Determining Allowable File Access

11.5 Operations on Directories

Creating and Removing a Directory

11.6 Directory Access

Current Working Directory

11.7 An Example: ccp 11.8 Shell-Level Commands from C Programs 11.9 Process Control

Virtual Address Space Process Life Cycle

11.10 The Process Table

The ps Command

11.11 Process Creation: fork 11.12 Program Execution: exec Routines

Example: A Simple Shell

11.13 Synchronization of Parent and Child Processes 11.14 Process Termination 11.15 The User Environment of a Process

Example: Command Search

11.16 Interrupts and Signals

Basic Concepts Sending Signals Signal Delivery and Processing Signal Trapping

11.17 For More Information 11.18 Summary 11.19 Exercises

12 Inter-process and Network Communication

12.1 Opening a Process for I/O 12.2 IPC with pipe

Pipe between Two Commands

12.3 Connecting a File Descriptor to a File Stream 12.4 Two-Way Pipe Connections 12.5 Network Communication

Client and Server

12.6 Sockets

Creating Sockets Socket Address Local and Internet Socket Addresses

12.7 A TCP Echo Client 12.8 Using Datagram Sockets 12.9 Socket I/O System Calls

Shutting Down Sockets

12.10 TCP-Based Servers

Accepting a Connection An Example TCP/IP Server

12.11 Network Library Routines 12.12 Daemon Processes

Programming a Daemon

12.13 Input/Output Multiplexing 12.14 TCP Out-of-Band Data 12.15 For More Information 12.16 Summary 12.17 Exercises

Appendices Online Website and Example Code Package References Index

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