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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Preface To The Second Edition
Preface To The First Edition
Acknowledgments
Origins Of Chapters
Introduction
SECTION I: Broad Concepts And Analytic Techniques
CHAPTER 1: Statistical Concepts Fundamental To Investigations
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
THE INFINITE-DATA CASE
PROBABILISTIC THINKING
INDUCTION
STUDY DESIGN
STATISTICAL REPORTING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2: Some Uses Of Statistical Thinking
THE NEED FOR GOOD DATA
UNCERTAINTY FROM UNRECOGNIZED ERROR IN A CRITICAL ASSUMPTION
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
USING STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
LESSONS FROM THE EXAMPLES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3: Use Of Statistical Analysis In The New England Journal Of Medicine
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
SECTION II: Design
CHAPTER 4: Randomized Trials And Other Parallel Comparisons Of Treatment
WHAT IS THE QUESTION?
ASSIGNING SUBJECTS TO GROUPS
WHAT IS THE OUTCOME?
WEIGHING IN ON POWER
RECOGNIZING A NEED TO END A STUDY EARLY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5: Crossover And Self-Controlled Designs In Clinical Research
PARALLEL VERSUS CROSSOVER DESIGN
KEY FACTORS
FURTHER COMPARISONS WITH PARALLEL DESIGNS
PATIENTS AS THEIR OWN CONTROLS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6: The Series Of Consecutive Cases As A Device For Assessing Outcomes Of Interventions
WHAT IS A SERIES?
INTERPRETING A SERIES
THE “CLEAR-CUT” SERIES
ADDITIONAL ISSUES IN INTERPRETATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7: Biostatistics In Epidemiology: Design And Basic Analysis
ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY STATED PRECISELY AND CLEARLY?
IS THE STUDY DESIGN APPROPRIATE FOR THE PURPOSE?
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
SECTION III: Analysis
CHAPTER 8: P-Values
WHAT ARE P-VALUES?
THE 0.05 AND 0.0L SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS
P-VALUES AND SIGNIFICANCE TESTS
ISSUES IN REPORTING AND INTERPRETING P-VALUES
STATISTICAL POWER AND SAMPLE SIZE
STATISTICAL AND MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9: Understanding Analyses Of Randomized Trials
INTENTION-TO-TREAT PARADIGM
STUDIES WITH MULTIPLE ENDPOINTS
MULTIPLE TIMES
STUDIES WITH MISSING DATA
ADJUSTING FOR COVARIATES
MATCHING THE ANALYSIS TO THE MEASUREMENT SCALE OF THE KEY VARIABLES
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES IN RCTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10: Linear Regression In Medical Research
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
CORRELATION VERSUS REGRESSION
ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION
CAREFUL USE OF LINEAR REGRESSION
MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
SUMMARIZATION, ADJUSTMENT, AND PREDICTION REVISITED
REPORTING REGRESSION RESULTS
ADDITIONAL READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11: Statistical Analysis Of Survival Data
SURVIVAL AND HAZARD FUNCTIONS
CENSORING
ESTIMATING S(T): THE KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATOR
COMPARISON OF TWO GROUPS: THE LOG-RANK TEST
ASSESSING MULTIPLE EXPLANATORY VARIABLES: COX’S MODEL
COMPETING RISKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12: Analysis Of Categorical Data In Medical Studies
MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION
TESTING FOR AN ASSOCIATION
SAMPLE SIZE AND POWER FOR
TESTING ASSOCIATION
COLLAPSING TABLES: SIMPSON’S PARADOX
SIMPLE STRATIFIED ANALYSES
REGRESSION METHODS FOR CATEGORICAL DATA
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13: Analyzing Data From Ordered Categories
A SUITABLE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
APPROXIMATE METHODS OF ANALYSIS
ORDERED INPUT VARIABLES
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
SECTION IV: Communicating Results
CHAPTER 14: Guidelines For Statistical Reporting In Articles For Medical Journals: Amplifications And Explanations
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15: Reporting Of Subgroup Analyses In Clinical Trials
SUBGROUP ANALYSES AND RELATED CONCEPTS
SUBGROUP ANALYSES IN THE JOURNAL — ASSESSMENT OF REPORTING PRACTICES
ANALYSIS OF OUR FINDINGS AND GUIDELINES FOR REPORTING SUBGROUPS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16: Writing About Numbers
NUMBERS IN TABLES OR TEXT?
NUMBERS IN THE TEXT
NUMBERS IN TABLES
SYMBOLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
SECTION V: Specialized Methods
CHAPTER 17: Combining Results From Independent Studies: Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analysis In Clinical Research
SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS IN THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
THE PRACTICE OF RESEARCH SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIZING THE RESULTS OF MULTIPLE STUDIES
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 18: Biostatistics In Epidemiology: Advanced Methods Of Regression Analysis
REGRESSION MODELS
INCIDENCE COHORT STUDIES
MATCHING IN COHORT STUDIES TO CONTROL FOR CONFOUNDING
NESTED CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDIES
INCIDENCE CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
SOME GENERAL ISSUES IN REGRESSION MODELING
OVERALL CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 19: Genetic Inference
ESTIMATING GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO DISEASE
LOCALIZING DISEASE GENES THROUGH LINKAGE STUDIES
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 20: Identifying Disease Genes In Association Studies
CASE-CONTROL ASSOCIATION STUDIES
FAMILY-BASED ASSOCIATION STUDIES
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM, HAPLOTYPE BLOCKS, AND MULTILOCUS METHODS
AN ASSOCIATION STUDY OF DRUG RESISTANCE
TYPE I ERRORS IN ASSOCIATION STUDIES
AN ASSOCIATION STUDY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
REPLICATION OF ASSOCIATION STUDIES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 21: Risk Assessment
A CLINICAL EXAMPLE WITH RISK-MOTIVATED INTERVENTION
RISKS, HAZARDS, AND HEALTH CARE
COMPONENTS OF A RISK ASSESSMENT
REFLECTIONS ON RISK
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS IMPORTANT FOR RISK
QUANTITATIVE RISK ESTIMATION ISSUES (EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS REVISITED)
UNCERTAINTY
NEXT STEPS
HOW MIGHT MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS BE INVOLVED IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS?
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
INDEX
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