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Index
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction: What You Know May Not Be So
Obstacles to Overcome
The Roadmap for Our Study
Section I: Biblical Vocabulary for the Powers of Darkness
Overview
Chapter 1: Hebrew Terms for Evil Spiritual Beings
Terms Describing the Nature of Evil Spirits
Terms Associated with the Realm of the Dead and Its Inhabitants
1. “Rephaim” (Rĕpāʾîm)
2. “Death” (Māwet/Mōt)
3. “Spirits” (ʾÔb; Plural: ʾŌbôt, Also ʿŌbĕrîm [“Those Who Have Passed Over”])
4. “Knowing One” (Yiddĕʿōnî)
5. “The Dead” (Mētîm)
6. “Hidden One” (Ḥabî; Ḥebyôn)
Terms that Denote Entities with Geographical Dominion
1. “Territorial Spirits (Shedim; Šēdîm)
2. “Prince” (Śar; Plural: Śārîm)
Preternatural Creatures Associated with Idolatry and Unholy Ground
1. “Azazel” (ʿĂzāʾzēl); “He-Goats”/“Goat Demons” (Śāʿîr; Śĕʿîrîm)
2. “Howling Creature” (ʾIyyîm); “Wild Beasts” (Ṣiyyîm); “Lilith” (Lîlît)
Demythologized Pseudo-demons
General Considerations
1. Chaos Symbols
2. Demythologized Forces of Nature
Summary
Chapter 2: It Was All Greek to Them, Too
Septuagint Translation of Hebrew Terms for the Powers of Darkness
Straightforward Literalism
Some Interpretive Renderings
1. “Commander” (Śar)
2. “Rephaim” (Rĕpāʾîm) and “Nephilim” (Nĕpîlîm)
Septuagint Use of Greek Daimonion in Hebrew Bible Translation
Daimonion in Tobit and Baruch
Summary
Section II: The Powers of Darkness in the Old Testament and Second Temple Judaism
Overview
Chapter 3: The Original Rebel—I Will Be like the Most High
Trouble in God’s House
The Original Rebel outside Genesis 3
Adam as the Rebel in Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28?
What about Satan?
Implications
Chapter 4: Satan in Second Temple Judaism
Satan or Satans?
Azazʾel/Azazel/Asael
Azazʾel (Satan) as Leader of the Watchers?
Leader of Evil Spirits by Other Names
Serpent, Deceiver, and Tempter
Summary
Chapter 5: The Second Divine Rebellion—Making Our Own Imagers
The Sethite Explanation
Polygamous Royal Marriages
The Mesopotamian Backstory to Genesis 6:1–4: An Overview
The Apkallu under Judgment
The Polemic Aim
Chapter 6: Depravity and Demons in Second Temple Judaism
The Story of the Watchers in 1 Enoch
Corruption and Depravity
The Origin of Demons: “Bastard Spirits”
Summary
Chapter 7: The Third Divine Rebellion—Chaos in the Nations
The Tower of Babel
Psalm 82—Divine Rebellion and Judgment of the National Gods
Cosmic Geography and the Dark Princes of the Nations
Chapter 8: Dark Powers over the Nations in Second Temple Judaism
Dark Powers over the Nations: The Septuagint
Dark Powers over the Nations: The Pseudepigrapha
Qumran and the “Lot of Belial”
The Demon-Haunted Wilderness in Second Temple Texts
Conclusion
Section III: “The Devil and His Angels”: The Powers of Darkness in the New Testament
Overview
Chapter 9: The Devil—His Dominion and Destiny
Satan’s Character: Names and Titles of the Original Rebel
1. Satan (Satanos)
2. Devil (Diabolos)
3. Beelzebul (Beelzeboul)
4. “The Evil One” (Ho Ponēros)
Satan as Ruler of the World and Its Demons
The Devil’s Temptation of Jesus in the Wilderness
The Final Fate of the Devil and Other Supernatural Rebels
Chapter 10: Evil Spirits—Demons and Their Destiny
Demons: Evil/Unclean Spirits
Demonic Possession and Exorcism
The Messiah as Exorcist?
Summary
Chapter 11: The Ruling Powers—Their Delegitimization and Destiny
New Testament Cosmic Geography: Holy and Unholy Ground
New Testament Cosmic Geography: Reclaiming the Promised Land
New Testament Cosmic Geography: Reclaiming the Nations
Paul’s Deuteronomy 32 Worldview
The Delegitimization of the Gods
Section IV: Common Questions and Misconceptions
Overview
Chapter 12: Myths and Questions about the Powers of Darkness
“The Devil Is a Second Temple-Period Invention Adopted by the New Testament”
“Demons Are Fallen Angels”
“Can Satan and Evil Spirits Be Redeemed?”
“Satan Rebelled before the Creation of Humankind and Took a Third of the Angels with Him”
“What Did Satan and the Demons Know about Jesus?”
“Where Does the Idea of the Devil Having Horns and a Tail Come From?”
“Can Satan and Demons Read Our Minds?”
“Cain Was (Literally) Fathered by Satan”
“Can a Christian Be Demon Possessed?”
“What Is Spiritual Warfare?”
“Why Do Satan and the Powers of Darkness Resist the Kingdom of God? They Are Defeated. Do They Think They Can Win?”
“How Does the Deuteronomy 32 Worldview Relate to the Modern World?”
Select Bibliography
Index of Subjects and Modern Authors
Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Literature
Old Testament
New Testament
Deuterocanonical Works
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
Dead Sea Scrolls
Ugaritic Texts
Mesopotamian Texts
Ancient Jewish Works
Mishnah, Talmud, and Related Literature
Targumic Texts and Other Rabbinic Works
New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
Classical and Ancient Christian Writings
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