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Index
Title page Copyright Dedication Contributors Reviewers Preface
Organization Features Ancillaries
Acknowledgments Unit I: Pathophysiologic Processes
Chapter 1. Introduction to Pathophysiology
Key Questions Framework for Pathophysiology Concepts of Normality in Health and Disease Patterns of Disease in Populations Summary References
Chapter 2. Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Key Questions Homeostasis and Allostasis Stress as a Concept Neurohormonal Mediators of Stress and Adaptation Adaptation, Coping, and Illness Summary References
Unit II: Cellular Function
Chapter 3. Cell Structure and Function
Key Questions Plasma Membrane Organization of Cellular Compartments Cellular Metabolism Functions of the Plasma Membrane Intercellular Communication and Growth Summary References
Chapter 4. Cell Injury, Aging, and Death
Key Questions Reversible Cell Injury Cellular Adaptation Irreversible Cell Injury Etiology of Cellular Injury Cellular Aging Somatic Death Summary References
Chapter 5. Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation
Key Questions Molecular Genetics Regulation of the Genome Differentiation of Tissues Summary References
Chapter 6. Genetic and Developmental Disorders
Key Questions Principles of Inheritance Genetic Disorders Chromosomal Abnormalities Mendelian Single-Gene Disorders Nonmendelian Single-Gene Disorders Polygenic and Multifactorial Disorders Environmentally Induced Congenital Disorders Diagnosis, Counseling, and Gene Therapy Summary References
Chapter 7. Neoplasia
Key Questions Benign Versus Malignant Growth Epidemiology and Cancer Risk Factors Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis Metastasis Effects of Cancer on the Body Cancer Therapy Summary References
Unit III: Defense
Chapter 8. Infectious Processes
Key Questions Epidemiologic Concepts Host-Microbe Relationship Types of Pathogenic Organisms Summary References
Chapter 9. Inflammation and Immunity
Key Questions Components of the Immune System Epithelial Barriers Mononuclear Phagocyte System Lymphoid System Leukocytes Chemical Mediators Of Immune Function Innate Defenses and Inflammation Inflammation Healing Inflammatory Exudates Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation Specific Adaptive Immunity Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Presentation by MHC Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Immunity Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity Passive and Active Immunity Integrated Function and Regulation of the Immune System Integrated Response To New Antigen Regulation of Immune Function Summary References
Chapter 10. Alterations in Immune Function
Key Questions Excessive Immune Responses Autoimmunity Hypersensitivity Deficient Immune Responses Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders Summary References
Chapter 11. Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells
Key Questions Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms Etiology of Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms General Principles of Management Myeloid Neoplasms Lymphoid Neoplasms Summary References
Chapter 12. HIV Disease and AIDS
Key Questions Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Diagnostic Testing Monitoring the Progression of HIV Clinical Manifestations Treatment Summary References
Unit IV: Oxygen Transport, Blood Coagulation, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
Chapter 13. Alterations in Oxygen Transport
Key Questions Composition of Blood Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells Gas Transport and Acid-Base Balance Anemia Anemia Related to Decreased Red Cell Production Anemia Related to Inherited Disorders of the Red Cell Anemia Related to Extrinsic Red Cell Destruction or Loss Transfusion Therapy Polycythemia Summary References
Chapter 14. Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
KEY QUESTIONS The Process of Hemostasis Evaluation of Hemostasis and Coagulation Vascular and Platelet Disorders Coagulation Disorders Summary References
Chapter 15. Alterations in Blood Flow
Key Questions Organization of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems Principles of Flow Control of Flow General Mechanisms That Cause Altered Flow Alterations in Arterial Flow Alterations In Venous Flow Alterations In Lymphatic Flow Summary References
Chapter 16. Alterations in Blood Pressure
Key Questions Arterial Blood Pressure Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Regulation Hypertension Low Blood Pressure Summary References
Unit V: Cardiac Function
Chapter 17. Cardiac Function
Key Questions Cardiovascular Anatomy Cardiac Cycle Coronary Circulation Cardiac Myocytes Molecular Basis of Contraction Cardiac Energy Metabolism Cardiac Electrophysiology Electrocardiography Determinants of Cardiac Output Endocrine Function of the Heart Tests of Cardiac Function Summary References
Chapter 18. Alterations in Cardiac Function
Key Questions Coronary Heart Disease Endocardial and Valvular Diseases Myocardial Diseases Pericardial Diseases Congenital Heart Diseases Summary References
Chapter 19. Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases
Key Questions Heart Failure Cardiac Dysrhythmias Summary References
Chapter 20. Shock
Key Questions Pathogenesis of Shock Types of Shock Assessment and Hemodynamic Monitoring Complications of Shock Summary References
Unit VI: Respiratory Function
Chapter 21. Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange
Key Questions Functional Anatomy Ventilation Pulmonary Blood Flow Diffusion and Transport of Respiratory Gases Alterations in Pulmonary Function Alterations in Pulmonary Vasculature Pulmonary Malignancies Summary References
Chapter 22. Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Key Questions Obstruction from Conditions in the Wall of the Lumen Obstruction Related to Loss of Lung Parenchyma Obstruction of the Airway Lumen Diagnostic Tests Summary References
Chapter 23. Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders
Key Questions Lung Parenchyma Disorders Atelectatic Disorders Pleural Space Disorders Neuromuscular, Chest Wall, and Obesity Disorders Chest Wall Deformities Infection or Inflammation of the Lung Summary References
Unit VII: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Chapter 24. Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances
Key Questions Body Fluid Homeostasis Fluid Imbalances Principles of Electrolyte Homeostasis Electrolyte Imbalances Summary References
Chapter 25. Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances
Key Questions Acid-Base Homeostasis Acid-Base Imbalances Summary References
Unit VIII: Renal and Bladder Function
Chapter 26. Renal Function
Key Questions Renal Anatomy Overview of Nephron Structure and Function Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Transport Across Renal Tubules Regulation of Blood Volume and Osmolality Endocrine Functions Age-Related Changes in Renal Function Tests of Renal Structure and Function Summary References
Chapter 27. Intrarenal Disorders
Key Questions Common Manifestations of Kidney Disease Congenital Abnormalities Neoplasms Infection Obstruction Glomerular Disorders (Glomerulopathies) Summary References
Chapter 28. Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Questions Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Management Summary References
Chapter 29. Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract
Key Questions Lower Urinary Tract Voiding Dysfunction Congenital Disorders Neoplasms Inflammation and Infection Obstruction Summary References
Unit IX: Genital and Reproductive Function
Chapter 30. Male Genital and Reproductive Function
Key Questions Anatomy Embryology Male Reproductive Physiology Summary References
Chapter 31. Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function
Key Questions Disorders of the Penis and Male Urethra Acquired Disorders Infectious Disorders Neoplastic Disorders Disorders of the Scrotum and Testes Acquired Disorders Infectious Disorders Neoplastic Disorders Disorders of the Prostate Summary References
Chapter 32. Female Genital and Reproductive Function
Key Questions Reproductive Structures Menstrual Cycle Breast Pregnancy Menopause Summary References
Chapter 33. Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function
Key Questions Menstrual Disorders Alterations in Uterine Position and Pelvic Support Inflammation and Infection of the Female Reproductive Tract Benign Growths and Aberrant Tissue of the Female Reproductive Tract Cancer of the Female Genital Structures Disorders of Pregnancy Disorders of the Breast Reactive-Inflammatory Breast Disorders Benign Breast Disorders Malignant Disorder of the Breast Summary References
Chapter 34. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Key Questions Urethritis, Cervicitis, Salpingitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diseases with Systemic Involvement Diseases with Localized Lesions Enteric Infections Summary References
Unit X: Gastrointestinal Function
Chapter 35. Gastrointestinal Function
Key Questions Structure and Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract Gastrointestinal Motility Secretory Function Digestion and Absorption Gastrointestinal Function Across the Life Span Summary References
Chapter 36. Gastrointestinal Disorders
Key Questions Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders Disorders of the Mouth and Esophagus Oral Infections Esophageal Disorders Alterations in the Integrity of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines Inflammatory Bowel Disease Enterocolitis Alterations in Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract Motility Disorders Disorders of Malabsorption Mucosal Disorders Malabsorption Disorders after Surgical Intervention Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract Esophageal, Gastric, and Small Intestinal Cancers Colonic Polyps and Colon Cancer Psychosocial Aspects of Gastrointestinal Disorders Summary References
Chapter 37. Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas
Key Questions Structure and Function of the Pancreaticobiliary System Embryology of the Pancreaticobiliary System Physiology of Bile Functional Anatomy of the Pancreas Disorders of the Gallbladder Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis Disorders of the Pancreas Summary References
Chapter 38. Liver Diseases
Key Questions Structure and Function of the Liver General Manifestations of Liver Disease Disorders of the Liver Cirrhosis Toxic Liver Disorders Other Structural Liver Conditions Transplantation Age-Related Liver Disorders Liver Diseases and Geriatric Considerations Summary References
Unit XI: Endocrine Function, Metabolism, and Nutrition
Chapter 39. Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation
Key Questions Hormone Structure and Action Hormone Regulation Hypothalamic-Pituitary Endocrine System Thyroid Hormones Steroid Hormones Categories of Endocrine Disease Summary References
Chapter 40. Disorders of Endocrine Function
Key Questions Basic Concepts of Endocrine Disorders Growth Hormone Disorders Thyroid Hormone Disorders Adrenocortical Hormone Disorders Adrenal Medulla Disorder Parathyroid Gland Disorders Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders Summary References
Chapter 41. Diabetes Mellitus
Key Questions Regulation of Glucose Metabolism Glucose Intolerance Disorders Clinical Manifestations and Complications Treatment and Education Pediatric Considerations Geriatric Considerations Summary References
Chapter 42. Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition
Key Questions Metabolic Processes Nutrient Metabolism Obesity Aging and Metabolic Function Nutritional Alterations of Physiologic Stress Effects of Malnutrition Epigenetics in Metabolism and Nutrition Nutritional Requirements of Altered Health States Summary References
Unit XII: Neural Function
Chapter 43. Structure and Function of the Nervous System
Key Questions Structural Organization Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Neuronal Structure and Function Neurons and Supportive Cells Neuronal Communication Neural Development, Aging, and Injury Sensory Function Sensory Receptors Sensory Pathways Somatosensory Cortex Motor Function Motor Neurons Spinal Reflexes Central Control of Motor Function Consciousness, Memory, and Sleep Consciousness and Memory Sleep Summary References
Chapter 44. Acute Disorders of Brain Function
Key Questions Mechanisms of Brain Injury Manifestations of Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology Types of Traumatic Brain Injury Primary Injury Secondary Injury Treatment Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke Epidemiology Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment Stroke Sequelae Cerebral Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Malformation Central Nervous System Infections Summary References
Chapter 45. Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function
Key Questions Brain and Cerebellar Disorders Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Disorders Summary References
Chapter 46. Alterations in Special Sensory Function
Key Questions Hearing and Balance General Manifestations of Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment Disorders Otitis Media Interventions for Individuals with Hearing Impairment Vision Structure of the Eye Visual Pathways General Manifestations of Visual Impairment Disorders of the Eye Interventions for Individuals with Vision Impairment Smell and Taste Summary References
Chapter 47. Pain
Key Questions Physiology of Pain Types of Pain Acute Pain Chronic Pain Cancer-Related Pain Neuropathic Pain Ischemic Pain Referred Pain Physiologic Responses to Pain Pain in the Young and the Elderly Treatment Modalities Summary References
Unit XIII: Neuropsychological Function
Chapter 48. Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses
Key Questions Thought Disorder, Delirium, and Dementia Women and Mental Illness Cultural Considerations Geriatric Considerations Summary References
Chapter 49. Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses
Key Questions Anxiety Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Summary References
Unit XIV: Musculoskeletal Support and Movement
Chapter 50. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
Key Questions Structure and Function of Bone Structure and Function of Joints Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage Structure and Function of Tendons and Ligaments Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle Mechanics of Muscle Contraction Summary References
Chapter 51. Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease
Key Questions Soft-Tissue Injuries Inert Soft-Tissue Injuries Contractile Soft-Tissue Injuries Bone Injuries and Infections Infections of the Bone Alterations in Bone Structure and Mass Metabolic Bone Diseases Bone Tumors Diseases of Skeletal Muscle Muscular Dystrophy Other Disorders of Muscle Chronic Muscle Pain Summary References
Chapter 52. Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders
Key Questions Local Disorders of Joint Function Systemic Disorders of Joint Function Joint Dysfunction Secondary to Other Diseases Pediatric Joint Disorders Summary References
Unit XV: Integumentary System
Chapter 53. Alterations in the Integumentary System
Key Questions Age-Related Changes Evaluation of the Integumentary System Selected Skin Disorders Infectious Processes Inflammatory Conditions Allergic Skin Responses Parasitic Infestations Other Disorders of the Dermis Special Characteristics of Dark Skin Integumentary Manifestations of Systemic Disease Skin Hair Nails Treatment Implications Topical Treatment Intralesional Injection Selection of a Delivery System Corticosteroids Developmental Considerations Infancy Childhood Skin Disorders Adolescence and Young Adulthood Geriatric Considerations Summary References
Chapter 54. Burn Injuries
Key Questions Thermal Injury Electrical Injury Chemical Injury Summary References
Appendix. Clinical and Laboratory Values Glossary Index Prefixes and Suffixes Commonly Used in Medical Terminology Word Roots Commonly Used in Medical Terminology
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