Images of Joshua in the Bible and Their Reception by Farber, Zev -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Contents Introduction

Outline Scope of the Book Models of this Sort of Study Earlier Surveys of Joshua in Reception History What is New about this Study?

Chapter 1 – Biblical Joshua(s)

Exodus and Numbers

Battle with Amalek: Joshua as Warrior Joshua as Moses’ Attendant – Part One Joshua as Moses’ Attendant – Part Two Joshua as Loyal Scout Joshua as Successor of Moses Joshua as Administrator

Book of Deuteronomy

Joshua as Moses’ Successor

Book of Joshua

Introduction (Ch. 1) Joshua as Torah Scholar (Ch. 1) The Scouts (Ch. 2) The Crossing of the Jordan (Chs. 3–5:1) The Ritual of the Stones Circumcision (Ch. 5) The Paschal Offering (Ch. 5) The Day after the Paschal Offering and the Cessation of the Manna (Ch. 5) Revelation outside Jericho (Ch. 5) Jericho (Ch. 6) Ai – Part 1: Israel’s Defeat (Ch. 7) Ai – Part 2: The City is Taken (Ch. 8) The Altar and the Ritual of Blessing and Curse (Ch. 8) Treaty with the Gibeonites (Ch. 9) The Southern Coalition – Protecting Gibeon (Ch. 10) The Death of the Five Kings (Ch. 10) Conquest of the South (Ch. 10) The Northern Coalition (Ch. 11) Summary of Conquest (Ch. 11) Removal of Giants (Ch. 11) Conclusion of Narrative (Ch. 11) Geographical Addendum (Ch. 12) The Remaining Land (Ch. 13) Elazar the Priest (Ch. 14) Caleb’s Request (Ch. 14) Caleb – Part 2 (Ch. 15) Daughters of Zelophehad (Ch. 17) They Did Not Inherit (Chs. 15–17) Ephraim’s Complaint (Ch. 17) Joshua Rebukes the Seven Tribes (Ch. 18) Timnat Serah/Heres (Ch. 19) Summary Statement about Land Division (Ch. 19) Cities of Refuge (Ch. 20) Levitical Cities (Ch. 21) Summary of the Conquest (Ch. 21:41–43) Transjordanian tribes – Release from Vow (Ch. 22) Transjordanian Tribes – Perceived Sacrilege (Ch. 22) Joshua’s Old Age Exhortation (Ch. 23) Joshua’s Final Speech (Ch. 24) Joshua’s Death (Ch. 24) Postscript (Chs. 1–2:10)

Other References to Joshua

Judges (Ch. 2:21, 23) 1 Kings (Ch. 16:34) 1 Chronicles (Ch. 7:27) Nehemiah (Ch. 8:17)

Summary Addendum – Images of Joshua in List Form

Chapter 2 – Pre-Biblical Joshua(s)

Joshua’s Place in the Primary History

The Book of Judges as a Bridge Constructing Joshua Addendum – Rofé and the Development of Joshua

Caveat The Conqueror of the Ḥeres Region

Joshua’s Landgrant Mount Heres and the Great Battle of Ayalon

Joshua as the Josephite Leader of Settlement

Example 1 – The Josephites’ Request Example 2 – Joshua and his Family Example 3 – Joshua the Ephraimite Leader who never Left Summary Joshua’s City and his Connection to the Sun-Stopping Miracle

Joshua as the First Leader of a United Israel

Reasons Why a Joshua-Saul Rivalry May Have Been Overlooked Joshua’s Account Mimicking that of Saul The Sefer ha-Yashar and the Attachment of the Poem to Joshua The Southern Campaign The Addition of the Northern Campaign Expanding the Southern Campaign

Joshua Meets Moses

Joshua in the Pentateuch – Laying out the Contradictions The Oldest Pentateuchal Layer The Amalek Story Joshua in the Early Priestly Text Joshua in Mosaic Colors

Deuteronomistic and Priestly Redactions

Deuteronomistic Images of Joshua Late Deuteronomistic Images of Joshua Priestly Images of Joshua

Summary

Chapter 3 – Hellenistic and Second Temple Joshua(s)

Ben Sira

Joshua in Ben Sira Joshua the Conqueror Joshua and Caleb Summary

1 Maccabees

Joshua the Judge in the Speech of Mattathias Tacit Joshua Imagery Summary

Short References (2 Maccabees and 4 Ezra)

2 Maccabees 4 Ezra (2 Esdras)

Philo

Opening Caveat Joshua in Philo De Virtutibus (1:55–56) De Virtutibus (1:66–69) De Ebrietate (1:96–98) De Mutatione Nominum (XXI; 121–122) De Vita Mosis (216) Conclusion

Assumptio Mosis

Overview of the Text Introduction – Joshua the Righteous Joshua the Panic-Stricken Moses’ Response Literary Analysis Redaction-Critical Analysis Joshua’s Insecurity The Burial of Moses Moses’ Lost Speech Summary

Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum

Structure of the Joshua Narrative Mourning for Joshua: A Second Moses? Joshua’s Appointment Joshua the Speech Maker Joshua’s Opening Speech Supporter of the Cult and Cultic Sites The Lord’s Confidante Joshua the Miracle Worker Joshua as Commander Death and Legacy Summary and Conclusion

The Apocryphon of Joshua

Joshua as Presented in the Apocryphon

Josephus

Early Training (Pentateuch) Appointment as Moses’ Successor Preparing for War The Conquest The Establishment of the Country The Transjordanian Tribes The Incident with the Altar Joshua’s Death

Summary

Chapter 4 –Samaritan Joshua(s)

Joshua’s Images in the Book

Moses’ Successor Joshua as Loyal Servant of Moses

The Conquest Narrative

God’s Call to Joshua King Joshua and Elazar the Imam Joshua the Übermensch Joshua Crosses the Jordan Jericho – the Conquest Begins Violation of the Ban The Expurgation of the Huta (Ai) Story – Comparison with Kitab al-Tarikh King Joshua and the Gibeonite Covenant The Defense of Gibeon The Battle for Canaan – Joshua the Military Strategist The Homing Pigeon Canaanite Campaign The Purification Ritual Dividing the Land – Joshua as Administrator Joshua and Elazar Dismiss the Transjordanian Army Joshua and Nabih – The King and his Vassal The Return of the Surveyors Mount Gerizim as Joshua’s and Caleb’s Allotment Joshua’s Daily Routine Peace

The Battle with Shaubak

The Threat of Battle – Shaubak’s Image of Joshua Joshua Receives the Letter Joshua’s Response The Reaction of the Messenger and of Shaubak and his People Joshua Parts from Elazar (Ch. 33) Joshua Trapped by Wizardry (Ch. 34) Joshua Entreats Nabih for Help (Chs. 35–36) Nabih

Characterizing and Concluding Joshua’s Reign

Joshua’s Farewell Joshua’s Successors Joshua Dies Elazar Dies

Summary

Chapter 5 – Early Christian Joshua(s)

Joshua in the New Testament

Acts of the Apostles Epistle to the Hebrews Why is the Joshua-Jesus Typology Missing from the New Testament?

Creating the Joshua-Jesus Typlogy

Antecedents: The Epistle of Barnabas The Typology: Justin Martyr The Typology Goes Latin: Tertullian

Excursus: The Joshua-Jesus Typology in Early Jewish-Christianity

Joshua-Jesus in the Sibylline Oracles The Jesus-Fish

The Full Typology: Origen’s Homilies on Joshua

The Name of Jesus Amalek Joshua as Greater than Moses Conquest of the Land Second Circumcision Summary

Tracing the Typology: Moderate Usage

Clement of Alexandria Irenaeus Eusebius of Caesarea Lactantius Zeno of Verona Hilary of Poitiers Cyril of Jerusalem

Tracing the Typology: Light Usage

Cyprian Gregory of Nyssa Prudentius Jerome Augustine Theodoret of Cyrrhus

Typology-Mania: the Method of Aphrahat the Persian

Circumcision Joshua and Jesus vs. Moses and Jesus The Litany of Biblical Characters Virginity of Joshua and other Israelite Heroes The Persecuted Joshua and the Persecuted Jesus Joshua as Joshua

Rejection or Non-Implementation of the Typology

Hippolytus of Rome Gregory Nazianzen Ephrem of Syria Pseudo-Macarius

Summary

Chapter 6 – Rabbinic Joshua(s)

Joshua the Rabbi

Joshua as an Essential Link in the Chain of Tradition Joshua as a Decider of Halakha Joshua the Law-Maker Joshua the Writer of Liturgy Excursus: Did Joshua write Aleinu? Joshua the Torah Scholar as a Heuristic Model Joshua as an Example of a Great Torah Scholar Joshua’s Era as a Time of Great Torah Knowledge Addendum: The Age of Joshua in Rabbinic Thinking

Moses’ Protégé

The Model Student Joshua Degrades Himself in his Service to Moses The Relationship between Moses and Joshua

King Joshua and King Moses Joshua as a Powerful Personality

Joshua in the Eyes of the Enemy

Joshua as a Great Man among Great Men Joshua as a Competitor with Moses Unfavorable Descriptions of Joshua

Moses Criticizes Joshua Joshua Punished for Speaking in Front of Moses Moses and Joshua Compared unfavorably with Abraham Joshua Compared Unfavorably with Ezra Joshua Punished for Accidentally Cancelling a Night of Procreation

Moses vs. Joshua as Anti-Christian Polemic

Moses Stops the Sun Moses the Giant Killer Moses Greater than Joshua

Excursus – Further Anti-Christian Polemics Surrounding Joshua

Joshua Marries Rahab Joshua Stops the Sun in Order to Avoid Breaking Shabbat Joshua Receives the “Yod” from Sarai Undoing the Significance of Joshua’s “Second Circumcision”

An Early Joshua-as-Messiah Tradition in the Galilee Joshua as Inferior to Moses

Moses and his Trumpets Joshua Completes Moses’ Miracle with the Hail Stones Joshua More Naïve than Moses Joshua the Forgetter of Torah

Addendum: Stabilization – Joshua in the Image of Moses Summary

Conclusion Bibliography Primary Sources Modern Authors Endnotes

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