[Head First Series 01] • Head First · Android Development by Griffiths, Dawn -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Head First: Android Development Dedication Authors of Head First Android Development How to Use This Book: Intro

Who is this book for?

Who should probably back away from this book?

We know what you’re thinking We know what your brain is thinking Metacognition: thinking about thinking Here’s what WE did: Here’s what YOU can do to bend your brain into submission Read me The technical review team Acknowledgments Safari® Books Online

1. Getting Started: Diving In

Welcome to Androidville

Layouts define what each screen looks like Java code defines what the app should do Sometimes extra resources are needed too

The Android platform dissected Here’s what we’re going to do Your development environment

The Android SDK Android Studio is a special version of IntelliJ IDEA

Install Java

Then install Android Studio

Build a basic app Let’s build the basic app

1. Create a new project 2. Configure the project 3. Specify the API level

Activities and layouts from 50,000 feet Building a basic app (continued)

4. Create an activity

Building a basic app (continued)

5. Configure the activity

You’ve just created your first Android app Android Studio creates a complete folder structure for you

The folder structure includes different types of files

Useful files in your project Edit code with the Android Studio editors

The code editor The design editor

Run the app in the Android emulator

So what does the emulator look like?

Creating an Android Virtual Device

Open the Android Virtual Device Manager Select the hardware Select a system image Verify the AVD configuration

Run the app in the emulator

Compile, package, deploy and run

You can watch progress in the console Test drive What just happened? Refining the app

The app has one activity and one layout The activity controls what the app does The layout controls the app appearance

What’s in the layout?

The design editor The code editor

activity_main.xml has two elements The layout file contains a reference to a string, not the string itself Let’s look in the strings.xml file

Update strings.xml to change the text

Take the app for a test drive Your Android Toolbox

2. Building Interactive Apps: Apps That Do Something

You’re going to build a Beer Adviser app Here’s what you need to do Create the project We’ve created a default activity and layout Adding components with the design editor

Changes in the design editor are reflected in the XML

activity_find_beer.xml has a new button

Buttons and text views are subclasses of the same Android View class android:id android:text android:layout_width, android:layout_height

A closer look at the layout code

The RelativeLayout element The TextView element The Button element

Changes to the XML... ...are reflected in the design editor Use string resources rather than hardcoding the text Change the layout to use the string resources Let’s take the app for a test drive

Here’s what we’ve done so far

Add values to the spinner

Adding an array resource is similar to adding a string

Get the spinner to reference a string-array Test drive the spinner We need to make the button do something Make the button call a method

Use onClick to say which method the button calls

What activity code looks like Add an onClickFindBeer() method to the activity onClickFindBeer() needs to do something

Use findViewById() to get a reference to a view

Once you have a View, you can access its methods

Setting the text in a TextView Retrieving the selected value in a spinner

Update the activity code The first version of the activity What the code does Test drive the changes Building the custom Java class

Custom Java class spec Build and test the Java class

Enhance the activity to call the custom Java class so that we can get REAL advice Activity code version 2 What happens when you run the code Test drive your app Your Android Toolbox

3. Multiple Activities and Intents: State Your Intent

Apps can contain more than one activity

Here are the steps

Here’s the app structure Create the project Update the layout Update strings.xml...

... and add the method to the activity

Create the second activity and layout What just happened? Welcome to the Android manifest file Every activity needs to be declared An intent is a type of message Use an intent to start the second activity What happens when you run the app The story continues... Test drive the app Pass text to a second activity

Let’s start with the layout

Update the text view properties putExtra() puts extra information in an intent

How to retrieve extra information from an intent

Update the CreateMessageActivity code Get ReceiveMessageActivity to use the information in the intent What happens when the user clicks the Send Message button Test drive the app We can change the app to send messages to other people How Android apps work

Intents can start activities in other apps

But we don’t know what apps are on the device

Here’s what you’re going to do

Create an intent that specifies an action

How to create the intent Adding extra information

Change the intent to use an action What happens when the code runs The story continues... The intent filter tells Android which activities can handle which actions How Android uses the intent filter You need to run your app on a REAL device

1. Enable USB debugging on your device 2. Set up your system to detect your device 3. Plug your device into your computer with a USB cable 4. Run your app in Android Studio as normal And here’s the app running on the physical device

Test drive the app

If you have one activity If you have more than one activity

What if you ALWAYS want your users to choose an activity?

Intent.createChooser() displays a chooser dialog

What happens when you call createChooser() The story continues... Change the code to create a chooser

Update strings.xml... ... and update the onSendMessage() method

Test drive the app

If you have one activity If you have more than one activity

If you have NO matching activities Your Android Toolbox

4. The Activity Lifecycle: Being an Activity

How do activities really work? The Stopwatch app

Build the app

The stopwatch layout code

The stopwatch strings.xml file

How the activity code will work Add code for the buttons The runTimer() method Handlers allow you to schedule code

The post() method The postDelayed() method

The full runTimer() code The full StopwatchActivity code What happens when you run the app The story continues Test drive the app

But there’s just one problem...

What just happened? Rotating the screen changes the device configuration From birth to death: the states of an activity The activity lifecycle: from create to destroy Your activity inherits the lifecycle methods How do we deal with configuration changes?

Bypass re-creating the activity

Or save the current state... ...then restore the state in onCreate() What happens when you run the app The story continues Test drive the app There’s more to an activity’s life than create and destroy

Start, stop, and restart

The activity lifecycle: the visible lifetime We need to implement two more lifecycle methods

Implement onStop() to stop the timer

The updated StopwatchActivity code What happens when you run the app Test drive the app But what if an app is only partially visible? The activity lifecycle: the foreground lifetime Stop the stopwatch if the activity’s paused What happens when you run the app Test drive the app The complete activity code Your handy guide to the lifecycle methods Your Android Toolbox

5. The User Interface: Enjoy the View

Your user interface is made up of layouts and GUI components Three key layouts: relative, linear, and grid

RelativeLayout LinearLayout GridLayout

RelativeLayout displays views in relative positions

You MUST set the layout width and height

Adding padding Positioning views relative to the parent layout Attributes for positioning views relative to the parent layout Positioning views relative to other views Attributes for positioning views relative to other views Use margins to add distance between views RelativeLayout: a summary

How you specify a relative layout You can position views relative to the layout of another view You can add margins to views to increase the space around them

LinearLayout displays views in a single row or column

How you define a linear layout

A linear layout displays views in the order they appear in the layout XML Let’s change up a basic linear layout Here’s the starting point for the linear layout Make a view streeeeetch by adding weight Adding weight to one view Adding weight to multiple views Use gravity to specify where text appears in a view Test drive Using the android:gravity attribute: a list of values Move the button to the right with layout-gravity More values you can use with the android:layout-gravity attribute The full linear layout code LinearLayout: a summary

How you specify a linear layout Views get displayed in the order they appear Stretch views using weight Use gravity to specify where a view’s contents appear in a view Use layout-gravity to specify where a view appears in its enclosing space

GridLayout displays views in a grid

How you define a grid layout

Adding views to the grid layout Let’s create a new grid layout

Here’s what we’re going to do

We’ll start with a sketch

The grid layout needs two columns

Row 0: add views to specific rows and columns Row 1: make a view span multiple columns Row 2: make a view span multiple columns The full code for the grid layout GridLayout: a summary

How you specify a grid layout Specify which row and column each view should start in Specify how many columns each view should span

Layouts and GUI components have a lot in common GUI components are a type of View

Layouts are a type of View called a ViewGroup

What being a view buys you

Getting and setting properties Size and position Focus handling Event handling and listeners

A layout is really a hierarchy of Views Playing with views Text view

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Edit Text

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Button

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Toggle button

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Switch

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Check boxes

Defining them in XML Using them in your activity code

Radio buttons

Defining them in XML Using them in your activity code

Spinner

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Image views

Adding an image to your project

Images: the layout XML

Using it in your activity code

Adding images to buttons

Displaying text and an image on a button

Image Button

Defining it in XML Using it in your activity code

Scroll views Toasts

Using it in your activity code

Your Android Toolbox

6. List Views and Adapters: Getting Organized

Every app starts with ideas Categorize your ideas: top-level, category, and detail/edit activities

Top-level activities Category activities Detail/edit activities

Navigating through the activities

Top-level activities go at the top Category activities go between top-level and detail/edit activities Detail/edit activities

Use ListViews to navigate to data We’re going to build part of the Starbuzz app

The top-level activity The drinks category activity

The drink detail activity

How the user navigates through the app

The Starbuzz app structure Here are the steps

Create the project

The Drink class The image files The top-level layout contains an image and a list Use a list view to display the list of options

How to define a list view in XML

The full top-level layout code Test drive Get ListViews to respond to clicks with a Listener

OnItemClickListener listens for item clicks

Set the listener to the list view

What happens when you run the code

The full TopLevelActivity code Where we’ve got to A category activity displays the data for a single category A ListActivity is an activity that contains only a list How to create a list activity android:entries works for static array data held in strings.xml

For nonstatic data, use an adapter

Connect list views to arrays with an array adapter Add the array adapter to DrinkCategoryActivity What happens when you run the code Test drive the app App review: where we’ve got to How we handled clicks in TopLevelActivity

ListActivity implements an item click listener by default

Pass data to an activity using the ListActivity onListItemClick() method The full DrinkCategoryActivity code A detail activity displays data for a single record Retrieve data from the intent Update the views with the data The DrinkActivity code What happens when you run the app The story continues Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

7. Fragments: Make it Modular

Your app needs to look great on all devices

On a phone: On a tablet:

Your app may need to behave differently too

On a phone: On a tablet: But that means you might duplicate code

Fragments allow you to reuse code

A fragment has a layout

The Workout app structure Here are the steps

Create the project

The Workout class How to add a fragment to your project Fragment layout code looks just like activity layout code What fragment code looks like Adding a fragment to an activity’s layout Passing the workout ID to the fragment Get the activity to set the workout ID Activity states revisited The fragment lifecycle Your fragment inherits the lifecycle methods Set the view’s values in the fragment’s onStart() method Test drive the app

What happens when you run the app

Where we’ve got to We need to create a fragment with a list A ListFragment is a fragment that contains only a list How to create a list fragment We’ll use an ArrayAdapter to set the values in the ListView

A Fragment isn’t a type of Context

The updated WorkoutListFragment code Display WorkoutListFragment in the MainActivity layout Test drive the app

We need to get WorkoutDetailFragment to respond to clicks in WorkoutListFragment

Wiring up the list to the detail We need to decouple the fragment with an interface

But when will the activity say that it’s listening?

First, add the interface to the list fragment Then make the activity implement the interface

But how do we update the workout details?

You want fragments to work with the back button

Welcome to the back stack

Don’t update—instead, replace Using fragment transactions The updated MainActivity code Test drive the app Rotating the device breaks the app The WorkoutDetailFragment code Phone versus tablet

On a tablet On a phone

The phone and tablet app structures

On a tablet On a phone

Put screen-specific resources in screen-specific folders The different folder options Tablets use layouts in the layout-large folder The MainActivity phone layout Phones will use DetailActivity to display details of the workout The full DetailActivity code Use layout differences to tell which layout the device is using The revised MainActivity code Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

Fragment Lifecycle Methods

8. Nested Fragments: Dealing with Children

Creating nested fragments

We’ll add a new stopwatch fragment

Fragments and activities have similar lifecycles...

... but the methods are slightly different

The StopwatchFragment code The StopwatchFragment layout

The StopwatchFragment layout uses String values

Adding the stopwatch fragment to WorkoutDetailFragment

We need to add it programmatically

Add a FrameLayout where the fragment should appear Then display the fragment in Java code getFragmentManager() creates transactions at the activity lavel

Beware the back button

Nested fragments need nested transactions Display the fragment in its parent’s onCreateView() method The full WorkoutDetailFragment code Test drive the app

But there’s a problem if you try to interact with the stopwatch

Why does the app crash if you press a button? Let’s look at the StopwatchFragment layout code The onClick attribute calls methods in the activity, not the fragment

How to make button clicks call methods in the fragment

First, remove the onClick attributes from the fragment’s layout Make the fragment implement OnClickListener

The StopwatchFragment onClick() method

Attach the OnClickListener to the buttons The StopwatchFragment code Test drive the app

But there’s a problem when you rotate the device

Rotating the device re-creates the activity

What happens to the fragment when you rotate the device

onCreateView() runs AFTER the transactions have been replayed The WorkoutDetailFragment code Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

9. Action Bars: Taking Shortcuts

Great apps have a clear structure

Top-level screens Category screens Detail/edit screens They also have great shortcuts

Different types of navigation

Using actions for navigation

Let’s start with the action bar

API level 11 and above API level 7 or above

The Android support libraries Your project may include support libraries We’ll get the app to use up to date themes

Change MainActivity to use an Activity

Apply a theme in AndroidManifest.xml Define styles in style resource files Set the default theme in styles.xml

Use a Material theme on newer devices

What happens when you run the app Test drive the app Adding action items to the action bar The menu resource file The menu showAsAction attribute Add a new action item Inflate the menu in the activity with the onCreateOptionsMenu() method React to action item clicks with the onOptionsItemSelected() method Create OrderActivity Start OrderActivity with the Create Order action item The full MainActivity.java code Test drive the app Sharing content on the action bar

You share the content with an intent

Add a share action provider to menu_main.xml Specify the content with an intent The full MainActivity.java code Test drive the app Enabling Up navigation Setting an activity’s parent Adding the Up button Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

10. Navigation Drawers: Going Places

The Pizza app revisited Navigation drawers deconstructed The Pizza app structure Create TopFragment Create PizzaFragment Create PastaFragment Create StoresFragment Add the DrawerLayout The full code for activity_main.xml Initialize the drawer’s list Use an OnItemClickListener to respond to clicks in the list view The selectItem() method so far Changing the action bar title Closing the navigation drawer The updated MainActivity.java code Get the drawer to open and close Using an ActionBarDrawerToggle Modifying action bar items at runtime The updated MainActivity.java code Enable the drawer to open and close Syncing the ActionBarDrawerToggle state The updated MainActivity.java code Test drive the app The title and fragment are getting out of sync Dealing with configuration changes Reacting to changes on the back stack Adding tags to fragments Find the fragment using its tag The full MainActivity.java code Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

11. SQLite Databases: Fire Up the Database

Back to Starbuzz Android uses SQLite databases to persist data

Where’s the database stored?

Android comes with SQLite classes

The SQLite Helper Cursors The SQLite Database

The current Starbuzz app structure We’ll change the app to use a database The SQLite helper manages your database Create the SQLite helper 1. Specify the database Inside a SQLite database

Storage classes and data-types

You create tables using Structured Query Language (SQL)

The onCreate() method is called when the database is created

Insert data using the insert() method Update records with the update() method Multiple conditions

Delete records with the delete() method

The StarbuzzDatabaseHelper code What the SQLite helper code does What if you need to change the database? SQLite databases have a version number Upgrading the database: an overview The story continues.... How the SQLite helper makes decisions Upgrade your database with onUpgrade() Downgrade your database with onDowngrade() Let’s upgrade the database Upgrading an existing database

Add new columns to tables using SQL

Renaming tables

Delete tables by dropping them Execute the SQL using execSQL()

The full SQLite helper code The SQLite helper code (continued) What happens when the code runs Your Android Toolbox

12. Cursors and Asynctasks: Connecting to Databases

The story so far... We’ll change the app to use the database The current DrinkActivity code Get data from the database with a cursor

Cursors give you access to database data

A query lets you say what records you want from the database

Specify the table and columns Declare any conditions that restrict your selection Other stuff you can use queries for

The SQLiteDatabase query() method lets you build SQL using a query builder Specifying table and columns

Restrict your query by applying conditions

Applying multiple conditions to your query

You specify conditions as String values

Order data in your query Using SQL functions in queries SQL GROUP BY and HAVING clauses Get a reference to the database getReadableDatabase() versus getWritableDatabase() getReadableDatabase() getWritableDatabase() The code for getting a cursor

What the code does

To read a record from a cursor, you first need to navigate to it Navigating cursors Getting cursor values

Finally, close the cursor and database

The DrinkActivity code What we’ve done so far The current DrinkCategoryActivity code How do we replace the array data in the ListView? A CursorAdapter reads just enough data The story continues A SimpleCursorAdapter maps data to views

First, create the cursor

Creating the SimpleCursorAdapter Closing the cursor and database The revised code for DrinkCategoryActivity Test drive the app

Where we’ve got to

Put important information in the top-level activity Add favorites to DrinkActivity Add a new column to the cursor Respond to clicks to update the database The DrinkActivity code Display favorites in TopLevelActivity Display the favorite drinks in activity_top_level.xml What changes are needed for TopLevelActivity.java The new top-level activity code Test drive the app Cursors don’t automatically refresh Change the cursor with changeCursor() The revised TopLevelActivity.java code Test drive the app Databases can make your app go in sloooo-moooo....

Life is better when threads work together

What code goes on which thread? AsyncTask performs asynchronous tasks The onPreExecute() method The doInBackground() method The onProgressUpdate() method The onPostExecute() method The AsyncTask class Execute the AsyncTask The DrinkActivity.java code A summary of the AsyncTask steps Your Android Toolbox

13. Services: At Your Service

Services work behind the scenes

There are two types of service

The started service app

Create the project

We’re going to create an IntentService The IntentService from 50,000 feet How to log messages The full DelayedMessageService code You declare services in AndroidManifest.xml Add a button to activity_main.xml You start a service using startService() Test drive the app We want to send a message to the screen

Screen updates require the main thread

onStartCommand() runs on the main thread The full DelayedMessageService.java code The application context Test drive the app Can we improve on using Toasts? How you use the notification service You create notifications using a notification builder Getting your notification to start an activity

1. Create an explicit intent 2. Pass the intent to the TaskStackBuilder 3. Get the pending intent from the TaskStackBuilder 4. Add the intent to the notification

Send the notification using the notification service The full code for DelayedMessageService.java What happens when you run the code The story continues Test drive the app Bound services are more interactive

How the odometer app will work

The steps needed to create the OdometerService Create a new Odometer project How binding works Define the Binder Get the service to do something The Service class has four key methods Location, location, location... Add the LocationListener to the service Registering the LocationListener Tell the activity the distance traveled The full OdometerService.java code Update AndroidManifest.xml Where we’ve got to Update MainActivity’s layout Create a ServiceConnection Bind to the service when the activity starts

Unbind from the service when the activity stops

Display the distance traveled The full MainActivity.java code What happens when you run the code The story continues Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

14. Material Design: Living in a Material World

Welcome to Material Design CardViews and RecyclerViews

from this: to this:

The Pizza app structure Add the pizza data

Add the Pizza class

Add the support libraries Create the CardView The full card_captioned_image.xml code RecyclerViews use RecyclerView.Adapters Create the basic adapter Define the adapter’s ViewHolder Create the ViewHolders Each card view displays an image and a caption

Create the constructor

Add the data to the card views The full code for CaptionedImagesAdapter.java Create the recycler view Add the RecyclerView to the layout

Using the adapter

The PizzaMaterialFragment.java code A RecyclerView uses a layout manager to arrange its views Specifying the layout manager The full PizzaMaterialFragment.java code Get MainActivity to use the new PizzaMaterialFragment What happens when the code runs The story continues Test drive the app Where we’ve got to Create PizzaDetailActivity What PizzaDetailActivity.java needs to do

Update AndroidManifest.xml

The code for PizzaDetailActivity.java Getting a RecyclerView to respond to clicks You can listen to views from the adapter Keep your adapters reusable

Decouple your adapter with an interface

Add the interface to the adapter Implement the listener in PizzaMaterialFragment.java Test drive the app Bring the content forward The full code for fragment_top.xml The full code for TopFragment.java Test drive the app Your Android Toolbox

I. Leaving town...

A. ART: The Android Runtime

What is the Android runtime (ART)?

ART is very different from the JVM How Android runs an APK file

Performance and size

Security

B. ADB: The Android Debug Bridge

adb: your command-line pal Running a shell Get the output from logcat

Copying files to/from your device

And much, much more...

C. The Emulator: The Android Emulator

Why the emulator is so slow How to speed up your Android development

1. Use a real device 2. Use an emulator snapshot 3. Use hardware acceleration

D. Leftovers: The Top Ten Things (we didn’t cover)

1. Distributing your app

Preparing your app for release Releasing your app

2. Content providers 3. The WebView class 4. Animation

Property animation View animations Activity transitions

5. Maps 6. Cursor loaders 7. Broadcast receivers 8. App widgets 9. NinePatch graphics 10. Testing

E. O’reilly®: Android Development

What will you learn from this book? Why does this book look so different?

Index About the Authors Copyright

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