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Index
INTRODUCTION PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS • PSYCHOLOGY IN THE MAKING
The four temperaments of personality • Galen There is a reasoning soul in this machine • Descartes Dormez! • Abbé Faria Concepts become forces when they resist oneanother • Johann Friedrich Herbart Be that self which one truly is • Søren Kierkegaard Personality is composed of nature and nurture • Francis Galton The laws of hysteria are universal • Jean-Martin Charcot A peculiar destruction of the internal connections of the psyche • Emil Kraepelin The beginnings of the mental life date from the beginnings of life • Wilhelm Wundt We know the meaning of “consciousness” so long as no one asks us to define it • William James Adolescence is a new birth • G. Stanley Hall 24 hours after learning something, we forget two-thirds of it • Hermann Ebbinghaus The intelligence of an individual is not a fixed quantity • Alfred Binet The unconscious sees the men behind the curtains • Pierre Janet
BEHAVIORISM • RESPONDING TO OUR ENVIRONMENT
The sight of tasty food makes a hungry man’s mouth water • Ivan Pavlov Profitless acts are stamped out • Edward Thorndike Anyone, regardless of their nature, can be trained to be anything • John B. Watson That great God-given maze which is our human world • Edward Tolman Once a rat has visited our grain sack we can plan on its return • Edwin Guthrie Nothing is more natural than for the cat to “love” the rat • Zing-Yang Kuo Learning is just not possible • Karl Lashley Imprinting cannot be forgotten! • Konrad Lorenz Behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement • B.F. Skinner Stop imagining the scene and relax • Joseph Wolpe
PSYCHOTHERAPY • THE UNCONSCIOUS DETERMINES BEHAVIOR
The unconscious is the true psychical reality • Sigmund Freud The neurotic carries a feeling of inferiority with him constantly • Alfred Adler The collective unconscious is made up of archetypes • Carl Jung The struggle between the life and death instincts persists throughout life • Melanie Klein The tyranny of the “shoulds” • Karen Horney The superego becomes clear only when it confronts the ego with hostility • Anna Freud Truth can be tolerated only if you discover it yourself • Fritz Perls It is notoriously inadequate to take an adopted child into one’s home and love him • Donald Winnicott The unconscious is the discourse of the Other • Jacques Lacan Man’s main task is to give birth to himself • Erich Fromm The good life is a process not a state of being • Carl Rogers What a man can be, he must be • Abraham Maslow Suffering ceases to be suffering at the moment it finds a meaning • Viktor Frankl One does not become fully human painlessly • Rollo May Rational beliefs create healthy emotional consequences • Albert Ellis The family is the “factory” where people are made • Virginia Satir Turn on, tune in, drop out • Timothy Leary Insight may cause blindness • Paul Watzlawick Madness need not be all breakdown. It may also be break-through • R.D. Laing Our history does not determine our destiny • Boris Cyrulnik Only good people get depressed • Dorothy Rowe Fathers are subject to a rule of silence • Guy Corneau
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY • THE CALCULATING BRAIN
Instinct is a dynamic pattern • Wolfgang Köhler Interruption of a task greatly improves its chances of being remembered • Bluma Zeigarnik When a baby hears footsteps, an assembly is excited • Donald Hebb Knowing is a process not a product • Jerome Bruner A man with conviction is a hard man to change • Leon Festinger The magical number 7, plus or minus 2 • George Armitage Miller There’s more to the surface than meets the eye • Aaron Beck We can listen to only one voice at once • Donald Broadbent Time’s arrow is bent into a loop • Endel Tulving Perception is externally guided hallucination • Roger N. Shepard We are constantly on the lookout for causal connections • Daniel Kahneman Events and emotion are stored in memory together • Gordon H. Bower Emotions are a runaway train • Paul Ekman Ecstasy is a step into an alternative reality • Mihály Csíkszentmihályi Happy people are extremely social • Martin Seligman What we believe with all our hearts is not necessarily the truth • Elizabeth Loftus The seven sins of memory • Daniel Schacter One is not one’s thoughts • Jon Kabat-Zinn The fear is that biology will debunk all that we hold sacred • Steven Pinker Compulsive behavior rituals are attempts to control intrusive thoughts • Paul Salkovskis
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY • BEING IN A WORLD OF OTHERS
You cannot understand a system until you try to change it • Kurt Lewin How strong is the urge toward social conformity? • Solomon Asch Life is a dramatically enacted thing • Erving Goffman The more you see it, the more you like it • Robert Zajonc Who likes competent women? • Janet Taylor Spence Flashbulb memories are fired by events of high emotionality • Roger Brown The goal is not to advance knowledge, but to be in the know • Serge Moscovici We are, by nature, social beings • William Glasser We believe people get what they deserve • Melvin Lerner People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy • Elliot Aronson People do what they are told to do • Stanley Milgram What happens when you put good people in an evil place? • Philip Zimbardo Trauma must be understood in terms of the relationship between the individual and society • Ignacio Martín-Baró
DEVELOPMENTAL PHILOSOPHY • FROM INFANT TO ADULT
The goal of education is to create men and women who are capable of doing new things • Jean Piaget We become ourselves through others • Lev Vygotsky A child is not beholden to any particular parent • Bruno Bettelheim Anything that grows has a ground plan • Erik Erikson Early emotional bonds are an integral part of human nature • John Bowlby Contact comfort is overwhelmingly important • Harry Harlow We prepare children for a life about whose course we know nothing • Françoise Dolto A sensitive mother creates a secure attachment • Mary Ainsworth Who teaches a child to hate and fear a member of another race? • Kenneth Clark Girls get better grades than boys • Eleanor E. Maccoby Most human behavior is learned through modeling • Albert Bandura Morality develops in six stages • Lawrence Kohlberg The language organ grows like any other body organ • Noam Chomsky Autism is an extreme form of the male brain • Simon Baron-Cohen
PSYCHOLOGY OF DIFFERENCE • PERSONALITY AND INTELLIGENCE
Name as many uses as you can think of for a toothpick • J.P. Guilford Did Robinson Crusoe lack personality traits before the advent of Friday? • Gordon Allport General intelligence consists of both fluid and crystallized intelligence • Raymond Cattell There is an association between insanity and genius • Hans J. Eysenck Three key motivations drive performance • David C. McClelland Emotion is an essentially unconscious process • Nico Frijda Behavior without environmental cues would be absurdly chaotic • Walter Mischel We cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals • David Rosenhan The three faces of Eve • Thigpen & Cleckley
DIRECTORY GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS COPYRIGHT
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