Pratical Argument by Kirszner, Laurie G. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Inside Front Cover Title Page Copyright Preface Brief Contents Contents Disciplinary Contents PART 1 Understanding Argument

An Introduction to Argument

Recognizing Arguments

Why Instructors Assign Argument [box]

Defining Argument

What Kinds of Statements Are Not Debatable? [box]

Arguments in Real Life Winning and Losing Arguments The Rhetorical Situation

Considering the Writer Considering the Purpose Considering the Audience Considering the Question Considering the Context

Logos, Pathos, and Ethos

The Appeal to Reason (Logos) Logos in Action The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos) Pathos in Action The Appeal to Authority (Ethos) Ethos in Action

The Rhetorical Triangle

1 The Four Pillars of Argument

AT ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money? The Elements of Argument

Thesis Statement Evidence Refutation Concluding Statement ⇨ CHECKLIST: DOES YOUR ARGUMENT STAND UP? NIA TUCKSON, Why Foreign-Language Study Should Be Required [STUDENT ESSAY] ANDREW HERMAN, Raise the Drinking Age to Twenty-Five

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money?

DAVID LEONHARDT, Is College Worth It? Clearly, New Data Say MARTY NEMKO, We Send Too Many Students to College JENNIE LE, What Does It Mean to Be a College Grad? DALE STEPHENS, College Is a Waste of Time BRIDGET TERRY LONG, College Is Worth It—some of the Time MARY C. DALY AND LEILA BENGALI, Is It Still Worth Going to College? TONY BRUMMEL, Practical Experience Trumps Fancy Degrees

PART 2 Reading and Responding to Arguments

2 Thinking and Reading Critically

AT ISSUE Do Violent Media Images Trigger Violent Behavior? Thinking Critically

Using Critical-Thinking Skills [box]

Reading Critically

Guidelines for Reading Critically [box]

Becoming an Active Reader

Previewing Close Reading Comprehension Clues [box] GERARD JONES, Violent Media Is Good for Kids Highlighting Suggestions for Highlighting [box] JOHN LEO, When Life Imitates Video Annotating ⇨ CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR ANNOTATING JOHN LEO, When Life Imitates Video JESSICA ROBBINS, Don’t Withhold Violent Games AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Violence in Mass Media

Writing a Critical Response

⇨ CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL READING KATHERINE CHOI, Response to “When Life Imitates Video” [STUDENT RESPONSE] ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CRITICAL RESPONSE

3 Decoding Visual Arguments

AT ISSUE Do Violent Media Images Trigger Violent Behavior? Thinking Critically about Visual Arguments

Visuals versus Visual Arguments [box]

Using Active Reading Strategies with Visual Arguments

Comprehension Clues [box] Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos [box] TODD DAVIDSON, Media Violence [VISUAL] MAX FISHER, Gun-Related Murders and Video Game Consumption [GRAPHS] BOB ENGELHART, Violent Video Games [CARTOON] PARENTHOOD LIBRARY, Distribution of Language, Sex, and Violence Codes in PG-Rated Movies [CHART] Boy Playing Violent Video Game [PHOTOGRAPH] Ways to Die in Children’s Cartoons [CHART] LAUREN DAZZARA, Why Gaming Is a Positive Element in Life [INFOGRAPHIC]

Highlighting and Annotating Visuals

ROCKSTAR NORTH, Grand Theft Auto IV [ADVERTISEMENT] NATE LONDA, silence the Violence [IMAGE]

Responding Critically to Visual Arguments

⇨ CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS JASON SAVONA, Response to Grand Theft Auto IV [STUDENT RESPONSE] ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS

4 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis

AT ISSUE Is It Ethical to Buy Counterfeit Designer Merchandise? What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?

Overview: “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr. [box]

Considering the Rhetorical Situation

Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation [box] The Writer Analyzing the Writer [box] The Writer’s Purpose Analyzing the Writer’s Purpose [box] The Writer’s Audience Analyzing the Writer’s Audience [box] The Question Analyzing the Question [box] The Context Analyzing the Context [box]

Considering the Means of Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos

The Appeal to Reason (Logos) The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos) The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)

Considering the Writer’s Rhetorical Strategies

Thesis Organization Evidence Stylistic Techniques

Assessing the Argument

⇨ CHECKLIST: PREPARING TO WRITE A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS

Sample Rhetorical Analysis

DANA THOMAS, Terror’s Purse Strings DENIZ BILGUTAY, A Powerful Call to Action [STUDENT ESSAY] RAJEEV RAVISANKAR, Sweatshop Oppression ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF, Where Sweatshops Are a Dream

5 Understanding Logic and Recognizing Logical Fallacies

AT ISSUSE How Free Should Free Speech Be? What Is Deductive Reasoning? Constructing Sound Syllogisms

Syllogism with an Illogical Middle Term Syllogism with a Key Term Whose Meaning Shifts Syllogism with Negative Premise

Recognizing Enthymemes

Bumper-Sticker Thinking [box]

Writing Deductive Arguments

CRYSTAL SANCHEZ, College Should Be for Everyone [STUDENT ESSAY]

What Is Inductive Reasoning?

Reaching Inductive Conclusions [box]

Making Inferences Constructing Strong Inductive Arguments

Generalization Too Broad Insufficient Evidence Irrelevant Evidence Exceptions to the Rule

Writing Inductive Arguments

WILLIAM SALETAN, Please Do Not Feed the Humans

Recognizing Logical Fallacies

Begging the Question 147 Circular Reasoning Weak Analogy Ad Hominem Fallacy (Personal Attack) Creating a Straw Man Hasty or Sweeping Generalization (Jumping to a Conclusion) Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma) Equivocation Red Herring Slippery Slope You Also (Tu Quoque) Appeal to Doubtful Authority Misuse of Statistics Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (After This, Therefore Because of This) Non Sequitur (It Does Not Follow) Bandwagon Fallacy PATRICK J. BUCHANAN, Immigration Time-Out

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be?

THANE ROSENBAUM, should Neo-Nazis Be Allowed Free speech? SOL STERN, The Unfree Speech Movement AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS, On Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codes WENDY KAMINER, Progressive Ideas Have Killed Free Speech on Campus JUDITH SHULEVITZ, In College and Hiding from Scary Ideas ERIC POSNER, Universities Are Right to Crack Down on Speech and Behavior ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

6 Rogerian Argument, Toulmin Logic, and Oral Arguments

AT ISSUE Is Online Education Better Than Classroom Education? Understanding Rogerian Argument Structuring Rogerian Arguments Writing Rogerian Arguments

ZOYA KAHN, Why Cell Phones Do Not Belong in the Classroom [STUDENT ESSAY]

Understanding Toulmin Logic Constructing Toulmin Arguments Writing Toulmin Arguments

JEN DAVIS, Competitive Cheerleaders Are Athletes [STUDENT ESSAY]

Understanding Oral Arguments Planning an Oral Argument

⇨ CHECKLIST: DESIGNING AND DISPLAYING VISUALS

Delivering Oral Arguments Dealing with Nervousness [box] Composing an Oral Argument

CHANTEE STEELE, An Argument in Support of the “Gap Year” [STUDENT SPEECH]

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Is Online Education Better Than Classroom Education?

COLLEGEDEGREESEARCH.NET, The Evolution of Online Schooling [INFOGRAPHIC] CHRIS BUSTAMANTE, The Risks and Rewards of Online Learning DAVID SMITH, Reliance on Online Materials Hinders Learning Potential for Students ELENA KADVANY, Online Education Needs Connection JOHN CRISP, Short Distance Learning SCOTT L. NEWSTOK, A Plea for Close Learning RAY MCNULTY, Old Flames and New Beacons PETE RORABAUGH, Trading Classroom Authority for Online Community ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A ROGERIAN ARGUMENT ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A TOULMIN ARGUMENT

PART 3 Writing an Argumentative Essay

7 Planning, Drafting, and Revising an Argumentative Essay

AT ISSUE Should College Campuses Go Green? Choosing a Topic

Topics to Avoid [box]

Thinking about Your Topic

Freewriting Brainstorming Clustering Informal Outline

Drafting a Thesis Statement Understanding Your Purpose and Audience Gathering Evidence

Evaluating the Evidence in Your Sources Detecting Bias in Your Sources Using Analogies as Evidence [box]

Refuting Opposing Arguments

Strategies for Refuting Opposing Arguments

Revising Your Thesis Statement Structuring Your Essay

Supplying Background Information [box] Using Induction and Deduction Identifying a Strategy for Your Argument Constructing a Formal Outline

Establishing Credibility

Being Well-Informed Being Reasonable Being Fair Maintaining Your Credibility [box]

Drafting Your Essay

Suggested Transitions for Argument [box] ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: USING PARALLELISM

Revising Your Essay

Asking Questions ⇨ CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE ⇨ CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S STRUCTURE AND STYLE ⇨ CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S SUPPORTING EVIDENCE Using Outlines and Templates Getting Feedback Guidelines for Peer Review [box] Adding Visuals

Polishing Your Essay

Editing ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT Proofreading ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: CONTRACTIONS VERSUS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Choosing a Title Checking Format SHAWN HOLTON, Going Green [STUDENT ESSAY]

PART 4 Using Sources to Support Your Argument

8 Finding and Evaluating Sources

AT ISSUE Is Technology a Serious Threat to Our Privacy? Finding Sources

Finding Information in the Library Finding Information on the Internet

Evaluating Sources

NICHOLAS THOMPSON, Bigger Brother: The Exponential Law of Privacy Loss USA TODAY EDITORIAL BOARD, Time to Enact “Do Not Track” REBECCA MACKINNON, Privacy and Facebook Evaluating Websites Using a Site’s URL to Assess Its Objectivity [box] Avoiding Confirmation Bias [box] THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, Home Page [WEBSITE] GLAMOUR MAGAZINE, Home Page [WEBSITE] THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, About the Chronicle [WEBSITE] GLAMOUR MAGAZINE, About Glamour [WEBSITE] JONATHAN MAHLER, Who Spewed That Abuse? Anonymous Yik Yak App Isn’t Telling JENNIFER GOLBECK, All Eyes on You CRAIG DESSON, My Creepy Instagram Map Knows Where I Live SHARON JAYSON, Is Online Dating Safe? SAM LAIRD, Should Athletes Have Social Media Privacy? One Bill Says Yes

9 Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sources

AT ISSUE Is Technology a Serious Threat to Our Privacy? Summarizing Sources

When to Summarize [box] Summarizing Sources [box]

Paraphrasing Sources

When to Paraphrase [box] Paraphrasing sources [box]

Quoting Sources

When to Quote [box] Quoting Sources [box] SHELLEY FRALIC, Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy

Working Source Material into Your Argument

Using Identifying Tags Templates for Using Identifying Tags [box] Working Quotations into Your Sentences Distorting Quotations [box]

Synthesizing Sources

10 Documenting Sources: MLA

Why Document Sources? [box] Using Parenthetical References Preparing the Works-Cited List

Periodicals Books Audiovisual Sources Internet Sources Legal Case Government Document MLA Paper Guidelines [box] ERIN BLAINE, Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be “Fair Game” for Employers? [MODEL MLA PAPER]

11 Using Sources Responsibly

AT ISSUE Where Should We Draw the Line with Plagiarism? Understanding Plagiarism

Two Definitions of Plagiarism [box] Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism Internet Sources and Plagiarism [box] Intentional Plagiarism [box] Knowing What to Document AUSTIN AMERICAN-STATESMAN, Cheaters Never Win

Revising to Eliminate Plagiarism READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE I Where Should We Draw the Line with Plagiarism?

JACK SHAFER, Sidebar: Comparing the Copy LAWRENCE M. HINMAN, How to Fight College Cheating TRIP GABRIEL, Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age ELIZABETH MINKEL, Too Hard Not to Cheat in the Internet Age? RICHARD A. POSNER, The Truth about Plagiarism DYLAN BYERS, Plagiarism and BuzzFeed’s Achilles’ Heel K. BALIBALOS AND J. GOPALAKRISHNAN, OK or Not? DAN ARIELY, Essay Mills: A Coarse Lesson in Cheating Term Papers for Sale Advertisement [WEB PAGE] ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ARGUMENT ABOUT PLAGIARISM ⇨ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: USING SOURCES RESPONSIBLY

PART 5 READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE

12 Definition Arguments

AT ISSUE Is Wikipedia a Legitimate Research Source? What Is a Definition Argument? Developing Definitions

Dictionary Definitions (Formal Definitions) Extended Definitions Operational Definitions

Structuring a Definition Argument

ADAM KENNEDY, Why I Am a Nontraditional Student [STUDENT ESSAY] ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: AVOIDING IS WHERE AND IS WHEN EJ GARR, Athlete vs. Role Model Firefighters at Ground Zero [PHOTOGRAPH]; The Tuskegee Airmen [PHOTOGRAPH]

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Is Wikipedia a Legitimate Research Source?

TIMOTHY MESSER-KRUSE, The “Undue Weight” of Truth on Wikipedia MICHAEL MARTINEZ, Why Citations Do Not Make Wikipedia and Similar Sites Credible KEVIN MORRIS, After a Half-Decade, Massive Wikipedia Hoax Finally Exposed ALISON HUDSON, Stop Wikipedia Shaming ANDREAS KOLBE, Debunking the “Accurate as Britannica” Myth? RANDALL STROSS, Anonymous Source Is Not the Same as Open Source WIKIPEDIA, Wikipedia: About; INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY, About the IEP NEIL WATERS, Wikiphobia: The Latest in Open Source ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEFINITION ARGUMENT ⇨ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: DEFINITION ARGUMENTS

13 Cause-and-Effect Arguments

AT ISSUE Should Vaccination Be Required for All Children? What Is a Cause-and-Effect Argument?

In One Year, Guns Murdered [ADVERTISEMENT] Surgeon General’s Warning [PHOTOGRAPH] Buzzed Driving Is Drunk Driving [ADVERTISEMENT] Bumper Stickers [PHOTOGRAPH]

Understanding Cause-and-Effect Relationships

Main and Contributory Causes Immediate and Remote Causes Causal Chains Key Words for Cause-and-Effect Arguments [box] Post Hoc Reasoning NORA EPHRON, The Chicken Soup Chronicles

Structuring a Cause-and-Effect Argument

KRISTINA MIALKI, Texting: A Boon, Not a Threat, to Language [STUDENT ESSAY] ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: AVOIDING “THE REASON IS BECAUSE” PEGGY ORENSTEIN, Should the World of Toys Be Gender-Free? READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Should Vaccination Be Required for All Children?

CLYDE HABERMAN, A Discredited Vaccine Study’s Continuing Impact on Public Health JANET D. STEMWEDEL, saying No to Vaccines MAHESH VIDULA, Individual Rights vs. Public Health: The Vaccination Debate BEN CARSON, Vaccinations Are for the Good of the Nation RUSSELL SAUNDERS, Pediatrician: Vaccinate Your Kids—or Get Out of My Office JEFFREY SINGER, Vaccination and Free Will JENNY MCCARTHY, The Gray Area on Vaccines Facts about the Measles [GRAPHIC] ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ARGUMENT ⇨ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ARGUMENTS

14 Evaluation Arguments

AT ISSUE Do the Benefits of Fracking Outweigh the Environmental Risks? What Is an Evaluation Argument?

Making Evaluations [box] Identifying Bias [box] Criteria for Evaluation

Structuring an Evaluation Argument

KEVIN MURPHY, Evaluation of a Website: RateMyProfessors.com [STUDENT ESSAY] ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES VERNON R. WIEHE, Nothing Pretty in Child Pageants

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Do the Benefits of Fracking Outweigh the Environmental Risks?

ELIZABETH KOLBERT, Burning Love SEAN LENNON, Destroying Precious Land for Gas THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN, Get It Right on Gas SCOTT MCNALLY, Water Contamination — Fracking Is Not the Problem SHALE GAS PRODUCTION SUBCOMMITTEE, From Shale Gas Production Subcommittee 90-Day Report USA TODAY EDITORIAL BOARD, Fracking, with Care, Brings Big Benefits ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN EVALUATION ARGUMENT ⇨ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: EVALUATION ARGUMENTS

15 Proposal Arguments

AT ISSUE Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden? What Is a Proposal Argument? Problem-Solving Strategies [box] Stating the Problem Proposing a Solution Demonstrating That Your Solution Will Work Establishing Feasibility Discussing Benefits Refuting Opposing Arguments

SUSAN ENGEL, Teach Your Teachers Well

Structuring a Proposal Argument

MELISSA BURRELL, Colleges Need Honor Codes [STUDENT ESSAY] ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: WILL VERSUS WOULD ADAM COHEN, Self-Driving Cars Will Change the Rules of the Road

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?

Student Debt Crisis Solution [VISUAL] RICHARD VEDDER, Forgive Student Loans? KEVIN CAREY, The U.S. Should Adopt Income-Based Loans Now ASTRA TAYLOR, A Strike against Student Debt LEE SIEGEL, Why I Defaulted on My Student Loans SAM ADOLPHSEN, Don’t Blame the Government ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A PROPOSAL ARGUMENT ⇨ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS

16 Ethical Arguments

AT ISSUE How Far Should Schools Go to Keep Students Safe? What Is an Ethical Argument? Stating an Ethical Principal Ethics versus Law Understanding Ethical Dilemmas

LINDA PASTAN, Ethics [POEM] Structuring an Ethical Argument

CHRIS MUNOZ, Are Colleges Doing Enough for Nontraditional students? [STUDENT ESSAY] ⇨ GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: SUBORDINATION AND COORDINATION DANIEL SULEIMAN, More Than “Moral Complicity” at Auschwitz

READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE HOW Far Should Schools Go to Keep Students Safe?

BRETT A. SOKOLOW, How Not to Respond to Virginia Tech — II JESUS M. VILLAHERMOSA JR., Guns Don’t Belong in the Hands of Administrators, Professors, or Students TIMOTHY WHEELER, There’s a Reason They Choose Schools GREG HAMPIKIAN, When May I Shoot a Student? TODD C. FRANKEL, Can We Invent Our Way Out of School Violence? ALAN SCHWARZ, A Bid for Guns on Campuses to Deter Rape ISOTHERMAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE, Warning Signs: How You Can Help Prevent Campus Violence AMY DION, Gone but Not Forgotten ⇨ TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ETHICAL ARGUMENT ⇨ WRITING ASSIGNMENTS: ETHICAL ARGUMENTS Part 5 Review: Combining Argumentative Strategies

ANTHONY PRIETO, Get the Lead out of Hunting KEVIN CAREY, Fulfill George Washington’s Last Wish—a National University

PART 6 Debates, Casebooks, and Classic Arguments

17 Are Helicopter Parents Ruining Their Children’s Lives?

DON AUCOIN, For Some, Helicopter Parenting Delivers Benefits MADELINE LEVINE, Raising Successful Children

18 Should Controversial Sports Mascots Be Replaced?

JACK SHAKELY, Indian Mascots—You’re Out ELLIE REYNOLDs, Native Americans Have Become a Political Pawn

19 Under What Circumstances Do Bystanders Have an Ethical Obligation to Intervene?

LENORE SKENAZY, How Kitty Genovese Destroyed Childhood JOE NOCERA, It’s Hard to Be a Hero

20 Should Bottled Water Be Banned on College Campuses?

THE CRIMSON STAFF, Vote Yes on the Bottled Water Ban CHARLES FISHMAN, Bottled Water Is Silly—But So Is Banning It

21 Should Every American Go to College?

ERIC HOOVER, College’s Value Goes Deeper Than the Degree LIZ WESTON, When a Two-Year College Degree Pays Off CHARLES MURRAY, What’s Wrong with Vocational School? PHARINET, Is College for Everyone?

22 Should We Eat Meat?

JONATHAN SAFRAN FOER, Let Them Eat Dog NICOLETTE HAHN NIMAN, The Carnivore’s Dilemma DANIEL PAYNE, Why You Should Eat “Humane” Meat SUNAURA TAYLOR, Humane Meat? No Such Thing

23 Is America Safer Now Than Before 9/11?

OMAR ASHMAWY, Ten Years after 9/11, We’re Still in the Dark PAUL BRANDUS, Remembering 9/11: How Safe Are We Today? JONATHAN RAUCH, Be Not Afraid CHRISTOPHER ELLIOT, The TSA Has Never Kept You Safe: Here’s Why

24 Does It Pay to Study the Humanities?

CHRISTINA H. PAXSON, The Economic Case for Saving the Humanities ANTHONY P CARNEVALE AND MICHELLE MELTON, Major Differences: Why Undergraduate Majors Matter KIM BROOKS, Is It Time to Kill the Liberal Arts Degree? THOMAS FRANK, Course Corrections

25 CLASSIC ARGUMENTS

PLATO, The Allegory of the Cave ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress JONATHAN SWIFT, A Modest Proposal THOMAS JEFFERSON, The Declaration of Independence ABRAHAM LINCOLN, The Gettysburg Address ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions GEORGE ORWELL, Politics and the English Language RACHEL CARSON, The Obligation to Endure BETTY FRIEDAN, The Importance of Work JAMES BALDWIN, If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is It?

APPENDIX A Writing Literary Arguments

What Is a Literary Argument? Stating an Argumentative Thesis Choosing Evidence Writing a Literary Argument

MEGAN MCGOVERN, Confessions of a Misunderstood Poem: An Analysis of “The Road Not Taken” [STUDENT ESSAY] LOREN MARTINEZ, Not Just a “Girl” [STUDENT ESSAY]

APPENDIX B Documenting Sources: APA

Using Parenthetical References Preparing a Reference List Examples of APA Citations

Periodicals Books Internet Sources

Student Essay

APA Paper Guidelines [box] DENIZ A. BILGUTAY, The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods [MODEL APA PAPER]

Glossary Acknowledgments Subject Index Index of Titles and Authors Inside Back Cover Back Cover

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