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Index
Cover page
Halftitle page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
1. Introduction: Radical Enlightenment and “Modernity” (1650–1850)
1.1. Basic Argument and Scope
1.2. Definitions and Categories
1.3. The End of the Enlightenment?
1.4. The Concept “Radical Enlightenment’
Part I: The Origins of Democratic Modernity
2. The Rise of Democratic Republicanism
2.1. England and the “Dutch Way” (1688–1720)
2.2. A Notable Public Controversy (1706–1710)
2.3. Spinoza Reviv’d and the cercle spinoziste
2.4. Dutch Democratic Republicanism (1650–1700)
2.5. Revising the “Pocock Thesis” on Republicanism
3. From Radical Renaissance to Radical Enlightenment
3.1. Rediscovering Lucretius
3.2. Epicureanism versus Spinozism
3.3. Methods of Subversion
4. From Radical Reformation to the cercle spinoziste
4.1. Socinus and the Socinian Revolt
4.2. Grotius and the Radical Enlightenment
4.3. Polish Brethren, Moravian Brethren, Rescuing Anti-Trinitarian Theology
4.4. Fusing Radical Reformation with Radical Enlightenment
5. English “Deism” and its Pre-1700 Roots
5.1. Rival “Deist” Identities (1700–1740)
5.2. Conservative “Deism”: Wollaston, Morgan, and Chubb
5.3. Shaftesbury’s Radicalism
5.4. Toland Revisited
6. Great “Moderates” and the Temptations of the Radical: Montesquieu and the Forbidden
7. D’Holbach against Voltaire and Rousseau: A Triangular War of Political Thought Systems
7.1. Our “Vale of Tears”
7.2. Rejecting Rousseau’s “Equality”
7.3. Contesting Voltaire’s Court “Aristocratism”
7.4. Improving Society Includes Economic Redistribution
7.5. Rightly and Wrongly Interpreting d’Holbach
8. Revolution without Violence: The Nordic Model
8.1. Enlightened Reform in Sweden–Finland
8.2. Enlightened Reform in Denmark–Norway
8.3. Scandinavian Enlightened Despotism after 1772
8.4. Scandinavia’s Gradual Revolution (1784–1820)
Part II: Human Rights and Revolution (1770–1830)
9. Parallel Revolutions: America and France (1774–1793)
9.1. Breakthrough to “Modernity”: The Twin American and French Revolutions down to june 1793
9.2. “Democratical Principles” versus Aristocratic Republicanism
9.3. Mobilizing the Masses; Forging Constitutions
10. “General Will” and the Invention of Universal and Equal Human Rights (1750–1789)
10.1. “General Will” and the Rise of Equal Rights
10.2. Why the “Cultural” Explanation of the Invention of Human Rights is Wrong
10.3. The “Sixth Bureau” against Universal Human Rights
11. Emancipating Women: Marriage, Equality, and Female Citizenship (1775–1815)
11.1. Gender Segregation and Repression
11.2. Radical Thought and the Origins of Modern Feminism
11.3. Enlightenment and Girls’ Education
11.4. Revolution and Divorce
11.5. Montagnard, Napoleonic, and Post-Napoleonic Reaction
12. From Classical Economics to Post-Classical Redistributive Economics (1775–1820)
12.1. Beginnings (1748–1776)
12.2. Economics and the “Grain War”
12.3. Economics and the Issue of Poverty
13. Reforming Europe’s Law Codes
13.1. Social Structure, Culture, and the Law
13.2. Law, Popular Culture, and Religious Policing
13.3. The “Law Reform” Controversy of the 1760s and 1770s
14. Unity of Humanity: Race Theory and the Equality of Peoples
14.1. Enlightenment and the Advent of Race Theories
14.2. Kant in Controversy with Herder and Forster over Race
15. Unity of Humanity: Property, Class, and the Emancipation of Man
15.1. Scottish Enlightenment and the “Science of Man”
15.2. Social Science, and Differentiating the Two Enlightenments
Part III: Revolution and Competing Revolutionary Ideologies (1789–1830)
16. Robespierre anti-philosophe: The Battle of Ideologies during the French Revolution
16.1. The Rousseauist Roots of Robespierre’s anti-philosophique Discourse
16.2. Robespierre, Rousseau, and the Cult of the Ordinary
16.3. Robespierre and the Historiography of the Revolution: Revisiting the “Marxist Interpretation”
17. Swiss Revolution: The Climb to Democratic Republicanism (1782–1830)
17.1. Switzerland: “Aristocratic” versus “Democratic” Republicanism
17.2. The Swiss Revolutions of the 1790s
17.3. Napoleon’s Reconstitution of Switzerland (1802–1814)
17.4. Toward Democratic Republicanism
18. The Belgian Revolution (1787–1794)
18.1. An “Advanced Society” Engineers a “Backward Revolution”
18.2. Radical Concepts Used for Conservative Ends
18.3. The Vonckiste Revolution Overwhelmed
19. Enlightening against Robespierre (and Napoleon): The écoles centrales (1792–1804)
19.1. Condorcet and the Radical Enlightenment’s Culminating Project
19.2. Inaugurating the écoles centrales
19.3. Enlightenment in Secondary School Curricula
19.4. Napoleon Reorganizes French Secondary and Higher Education
20. Revolution and the Universities: Germany’s “Philosophy Wars” (1780–1820)
20.1. Enlightenment, Reform, and Transforming the Universities
20.2. The Politicization of German Philosophy
20.3. The Atheismusstreit (1798–1799)
20.4. A New Vision of the University
21. Radicalism and Repression in the Anglo-American World (1775–1815)
21.1. The Radical Tendency
21.2. Unitarian Radical Enlightenment
21.3. The American Revolution in British Thought
21.4. Expelling Britain’s Radicals (1792–1802)
21.5. Tom Paine and the Rise of the American Radical Intelligentsia
22. The American Connection
22.1. New York Radicalism
22.2. New York and Philadelphia Radicalism Revived (1792–1806)
23. The Spanish Revolution (1808–1823)
23.1. Josephism versus Radical Thought
23.2. The Cádiz Cortes and 1812 Constitution
23.3. Reaction (1814–1820)
23.4. The Failed Revolution of 1820–1823
24. Black Emancipation, Universal Emancipation, and the Haitian Revolution (1775–1825)
24.1. Enlightenment, Radical Enlightenment, and Black Emancipation
24.2. Toussaint Louverture’s Black Revolution
24.3. Haitian Independence
24.4. “King Henry Christophe” and the Thwarting of Black Monarchy
Part IV: The Enlightenment that Failed
25. Reaction and Radicalism: Germany and the Low Countries (1814–1830)
25.1. Restoration Thwarted
25.2. “Enlightened Despotism” Revived: The United Netherlands (1814–1830)
25.3. Bavaria and Württemberg as Late Enlightenment States
26. British Philosophical Radicalism (1814–1830)
26.1. A New Beginning: Bentham and the Gentler Path
26.2. Benthamite Radicalism as a Post-1815 British and International Ideology
27. Failed Restoration in France (1814–1830)
27.1. Louis XVIII and the “Hundred Days”
27.2. Enlightenment Barriers to a Genuine Restoration
27.3. Political Ideology and the Revolutionary Tradition
27.4. A Late Enlightenment machine de guerre: The Revue encyclopédique
28. Bolívar and Spinoza
28.1. Enlightenment Applied to Revolutionary Politics
28.2. Philosophy of a Military Genius
28.3. Triumph and Failure in Spanish America
29. Marx and the Left’s Turn from Radical Enlightenment to Socialism (1838–1848)
30. Conclusion: The “Radical Enlightenment Thesis” and its Critics
Bibliography
Index
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