[Gutenberg 61616] • Lichens by Smith, Annie Lorrain -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

LICHENS PREFACE CONTENTS GLOSSARY ERRATA INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY

A. Introductory B. Period I. Previous to 1694 C. Period II. 1694-1729 D. Period III. 1729-1780 E. Period IV. 1780-1803 F. Period V. 1803-1846 G. Period VI. 1846-1867 H. Period VII. 1867 and after

CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS

I. LICHEN GONIDIA

1. GONIDIA IN RELATION TO THE THALLUS 2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SYMBIONTS

II. LICHEN HYPHAE

A. Origin of Hyphae B. Development of lichenoid Hyphae C. Culture of Hyphae without Gonidia D. Continuity of Protoplasm in Hyphal Cells

III. LICHEN ALGAE

A. Types of Algae B. Changes induced in the Alga C. Constancy of Algal Constituents D. Displacement of Algae within the Thallus E. Non-gonidial Organisms associated with Lichen Hyphae F. Parasitism of Algae on Lichens

CHAPTER III MORPHOLOGY

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF LICHEN STRUCTURE

I. ORIGIN OF LICHEN STRUCTURES

II. STRATOSE THALLUS

1. CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS 2. SQUAMULOSE LICHENS 3. FOLIOSE LICHENS

III. RADIATE THALLUS

1. CHARACTERS OF RADIATE THALLUS 2. INTERMEDIATE TYPES OF THALLUS 3. FRUTICOSE AND FILAMENTOUS

IV. STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS

1. STRATOSE OR PRIMARY THALLUS 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY THALLUS

V. STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS

1. AERATION STRUCTURES 2. CEPHALODIA 3. SOREDIA 4. ISIDIA

VI. HYMENOLICHENS

A. Supposed Affinity with other Plants B. Structure of Thallus C. Sporiferous Tissues

CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION

1. REPRODUCTION BY ASCOSPORES

A. Historical Survey B. Forms of Reproductive Organs C. Development of Reproductive Organs D. Apogamous Reproduction E. Discussion of Lichen Reproduction F. Final Stages of Apothecial Development G. Lichen Asci and Spores

II. SECONDARY SPORES

A. Reproduction by Oidia B. Reproduction by Conidia C. Campylidium and Orthidium

III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA

A. Historical Account of Spermogonia B. Spermogonia as Male Organs C. Occurrence and Distribution D. Structure E. Spermatia or Pycnidiospores F. Pycnidia with Macrospores G. General Survey

CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY

I. CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS

A. Cell-Membranes B. Contents and Products of the Fungal Cells C. Oil-Cells D. Lichen-Acids E. Chemical Grouping of Lichen-Acids F. Chemical Reagents as Tests for Lichens G. Chemical Reactions in Nature

II. GENERAL NUTRITION

A. Absorption of Water B. Storage of Water C. Supply of Inorganic Food D. Supply of Organic Food

III. ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION

A. Influence of Temperature B. Influence of Moisture

IV. ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS

A. Effect of Light on the Thallus B. Effect on Reproductive Organs

V. COLOUR OF LICHENS

A. Origin of Lichen-Colouring

CHAPTER VI BIONOMICS

A. Growth and Duration B. Season of Fruit Formation C. Dispersal and Increase D. Erratic Lichens E. Parasitism F. Diseases of Lichens G. Harmful Effect of Lichens H. Gall-Formation

CHAPTER VII PHYLOGENY

I. GENERAL STATEMENT

A. Origin of Lichens B. Algal Ancestors C. Fungal Ancestors

II. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

A. Theories of Descent in Ascolichens B. Relation of Lichens to Fungi

III. THE THALLUS

A. General Outline of Development B. Comparative Antiquity of Algal Symbionts C. Evolution of Phycolichens D. Evolution of Archilichens

CHAPTER VIII SYSTEMATIC

I. CLASSIFICATION

A. Work of successive Systematists B. Families and Genera of Ascolichens C. *Hymenolichens

II. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF LICHENS

1. ESTIMATES OF NUMBER 2. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

III. FOSSIL LICHENS

CHAPTER IX ECOLOGY

A. General Introduction

B. External Influences C. Lichen Communities D. Lichens As Pioneers

CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL

A. Lichens as Food. B. Lichens as Medicine C. Lichens as Poisons D. Lichens used in Tanning, Brewing and Distilling E. Dyeing Properties of Lichens F. Lichens in Perfumery G. Some minor Uses of Lichens

APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII[1325] ADDENDUM Footnote to Page 404 FOOTNOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CITED IN THE TEXT INDEX

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