The Culture of China by Publishing, Britannica Educational -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction Chapter 1: People

Selected Ethnic Groups

Bai Daur Dong Hani Hui Lahu Lisu Manchu Miao Mongol

Population Distribution Lifestyle and Livelihood Rise of the Mongol Empire Dissolution of the Mongol Empire Formation of Inner and Outer Mongolia

Naxi She Tibetan Tujia Uighur Wa Yi Zhuang

Cultural Institutions, Festivals, and Sports in Daily Life

Lunar New Year Tai Chi Chuan

Chapter 2: Chinese Cuisine

Emergence of a Cuisine Common Foods and Traditions Great Chinese Schools

Beijing Sichuan Zhejiang and Jiangsu Fujian Guangdong

Chapter 3: Chinese Languages and Writing System

Sino-Tibetan Altaic Other Languages Linguistic Characteristics of Sinitic (Chinese) Languages Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) Standard Cantonese Min Languages Other Sinitic Languages or Dialects: Hakka, Wu (Suzhou and Shanghai), and Xiang Historical Survey of Chinese

Reconstruction of Chinese Protolanguages

Qieyun Dictionary Additional Sources

Early Contacts Pre-Classical Chinese Han and Classical Chinese Post-Classical Chinese

The Chinese Writing System

Pre-Classical Characters Qin Dynasty Standardization Twentieth Century

Chapter 4: Confucianism

Thought of Confucius

Historical Context Analects

Formation of the Classical Confucian Tradition

Mencius: The Paradigmatic Confucian Intellectual Xunzi: The Transmitter of Confucian Scholarship The Confucianization of Politics Dong Zhongshu: The Confucian Visionary The Five Classics

Confucian Ethics in the Daoist and Buddhist Context

Confucian Revival Song Masters Confucian Learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming Age of Confucianism: Qing China

Modern Transformation

Chapter 5: Daoism

Laozi and the Daodejing Interpretation of Zhuangzi Basic Concepts of Daoism

Cosmology Microcosm-Macrocosm Concept Return to the Dao Change and Transformation

Concepts of the Human in Society

Wuwei Social Ideal of Primitivism Ideas of Knowledge and Language Identity of Life and Death Religious Goals of the Individual Symbolism and Mythology

Early Eclectic Contributions: Yin-Yang, Qi, and Other Ideas

Yin and Yang Qi Wuxing Yang Zhu and the Liezi Guanzi and Huainanzi

Daoism in Chinese Culture

Daoist Contributions to Chinese Science Daoist Imagery Influence on Secular Literature Influence on the Visual Arts

Daoism in the Modern Era

Chapter 6: Buddhism

Cultural Context Life of the Buddha Spread to Central Asia and China China

The Early Centuries Developments During the Tang Dynasty (618–907) Buddhism After the Tang

Sangha, Society, and State

Monastic Institutions Sanghas Internal Organization of the Sangha Society and State

Mahayana: The Main Chinese Tradition

Basic Teachings

Zhenyan Bodhisattva Ideal Three Buddha Bodies New Revelations

Mahayana Schools and Their Texts

Madhyamika (Sanlun/Sanron) Yogacara/Vijnanavada (Faxiang/Hossō) Avatamsaka (Huayan/Kegon) Tiantai/Tendai Pure Land Dhyana (Chan/Zen)

Vajrayana

Falun Gong

Popular Religious Practices

Calendric Rites and Pilgrimage

Anniversaries All Souls Festival New Year’s and Harvest Festivals Buddhist Pilgrimage

Rites of Passage and Protective Rites

Initiation Rites Funeral Rites Bardo Thödol Protective Rites

Chapter 7: Chinese Art

Art as a Reflection of Chinese Class Structure Linearity Characteristic Themes and Symbols Major Types: Chinese Bronzes

Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) Qin (221–207 BCE) and Han Dynasties (206 BCE–220 CE)

Major Types: Chinese Pottery

Stylistic and Historical Development

The Formative Period (to c. 1600 BCE) Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE)

Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE) and Six Dynasties (220–589 CE) Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties Five Dynasties (907–960) and Ten Kingdoms (902–978) Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) Dynasties

Song Dynasty Late Song, Liao, and Jin Dynasties Yuan Dynasty (1206–1368) Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1911/12)

Major Types: Chinese Painting

Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) Qin (221–207 BCE) and Han (206 BCE–220 CE) Dynasties Three Kingdoms (220–280) and Six Dynasties (220–589) Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties Five Dynasties (907–960) and Ten Kingdoms (902–978)

Landscape Painting Flower Painting

Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) Dynasties Yuan Dynasty (1206–1368) Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1911/12) Since 1912

Painting and Printmaking Painting at the Turn of the 21st Century

Other Visual Arts: Jade and Lacquerwork

Meaning of Jade Composition of Jade

History

Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) Qing Dynasty (1644–1911/12)

Chinese Lacquerwork

Chapter 8: Chinese Music

Ancient Artifacts and Writings Aesthetic Principles and Extramusical Associations Tonal System and Its Theoretical Rationalization

Mathematical Relationship of Pitches Scales and Modes Extramusical Associations

Classification of Instruments Sheng Han Dynasty: Musical Events and Foreign Influences Tang Dynasty

Thriving of Foreign Styles Courtly Music

Song and Yuan Dynasties

Consolidation of Earlier Trends Music Theatre

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Forms of the 16th–18th Centuries Jingxi Other Vocal and Instrumental Genres

Period of the Republic of China and the Sino-Japanese War Communist Period

Chapter 9: Chinese Performing Arts

Formative Period Tang Period Song Period Yuan Period Ming Period Qing (Manchu) Period Twentieth and 21st Centuries

Chapter 10: Chinese Architecture

Elements of Traditional Chinese Architecture Stylistic and Historical Development

Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) Qin (221–207 BCE) and Han (206 BCE–220 CE) Dynasties Three Kingdoms (220–280) and Six Dynasties (220–589) Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties Five Dynasties (907–960) and Ten Kingdoms (902–978) Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) Dynasties Yuan Dynasty (1206–1368) Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1911/12) Influence of Foreign Styles Into the 21st Century

Conclusion

Glossary For Further Reading Index

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