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Index
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Online Material
Preface
1 Energy Economics and Policy
What Is Energy?
Energy and Economics
Energy and the Environment
Air Pollution
Energy and Policy
Measuring Energy
The Problem Is the Size of the Problem
Forecasting Energy Demand
Short Cut for Projecting Energy Demand
A Model to Project Total Energy Demand
Problems and Projects
Notes
2 Electricity and Utility Industry
Electricity Is Derived Energy
System Operation
Methods of Rate Regulation
Operating Models in an Era of Deregulation/Liberalization
Smart Meters/Smart Grids
Utility Pools
It Takes Energy to Make Energy
Projects and Problems
Notes
3 Biomass
Yesterday’s Fuel
Today’s Fuel
Around the World with Biomass
Biomass for Electricity Generation
Not All Favor Biomass for Electricity
Biomass Fuels for Electricity Generation
Biogas
Disposal of Biowaste
Tapping Biomass for Electricity Generation
Biofuels
History of Ethanol as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Brazil—The Great Leap Forward for Biofuels
The US—The Great Leap Forward for Corn Growers
The Great Sugar–Corn Debate
Other Developments in the World of Ethanol
Cellulosic Ethanol
Biodiesel
Palm Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock
Other Biodiesel Feedstocks
Biodiesel Development
Biodiesel Prospects
Biofuel Risks
Projects and Problems
Notes
4 Coal
Types of Coal
Coal Mining
Coal in the Twenty-First Century
Coal Reserves
Coal Prices
Case against Coal
Clean Coal Technologies
Coal Gasification
Carbon Capture
Ash Disposal
Eliminating Coal Not So Easy
Problems and Project
Notes
5 The Story of Big Oil
History of Oil
Early Attempts at Oil Price Controls
Enter Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Exit the Key Players
Development of Saudi Arabia’s Oil Fields
Shoes Begin to Fall
Birth of OPEC
1973 Oil Crisis
First Occasion for High Oil Prices
Era of Moderate Oil Prices
Second Occasion for High Oil Prices
Geopolitical Risks
Oil and Diplomacy
Oil and Environmentalists
Role of Oil Companies after the Oil Crisis
A Changing World
Future Role of Oil Companies
Projects and Problems
Notes
6 Oil
Oil Reserves
Is Hubbert’s Peak Oil Dead?
Oil Consumption and Production
Oil Trade Patterns
Changing Nature of US Oil Imports and Middle East Exports
Oil Shale—Game Changer
Synthetic Crude
Bitumen
Shale Oil
Challenge of Oil: The Automobile
Automobile Population
Fuel Savings with Piggybacking
Internalizing an Externality
Problems and Project
Notes
7 Natural Gas
Background
Road to Deregulation
European Road to Liberalization
From Source to Consumer
Natural Gas as a Fuel
Natural Gas in the US
Natural Gas in Europe
Facing the Geopolitical Risk of Natural Gas
Natural Gas in Asia
Natural Gas in the Rest of the World
Transforming Natural Gas to Electricity
Carbon Emissions of Natural Gas
Selection Procedure for Electricity Generating Plants
Fracking
Horizontal Drilling
Case against Fracking
LPG: Prelude to LNG
Western Way of Conducting Business
Japanese Way of Organizing Business
Evolution of the International LPG Business
International Natural Gas Pipeline Trade
Natural Gas Reserves
International Trade of Liquefied Natural Gas
Historical Development of LNG
LNG Projects
Commodization of LNG
LNG Carriers
LNG Pricing
Outlook for LNG Projects
Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel
LNG as a Ship’s Fuel
LNG/CNG as a Railroad Locomotive Fuel
LNG/CNG as a Truck Fuel
CNG as an Automobile Fuel
Transformational Technologies
Gas to Liquids (GTL) Technology
Sweetening Sour Gas
Methane from Coal Beds
Methane Hydrates
Problems
Notes
8 Nuclear and Hydropower
Promise of Nuclear Power
Contribution of Nuclear Power to Satisfying Energy
Subsidizing Nuclear Power Plants
Comparing Nuclear with Coal
Uranium
Weapons Proliferation
Disposal of Spent Fuel
Commercial Reactors
Fast Neutron and Fast Breeder Reactor
European Pressurized (Evolutionary Power) Reactor
Pebble Bed Reactor
Other Advanced Reactor Designs
Fusion Power
Hydropower
History
Birth of the Environmental Movement
Hydropower: Today and Tomorrow
Major Dams
Dams Affect International Relations
Turkey versus Iraq
Egypt versus Nile River Riparian Nations
Indus River
Hydropower for Peace
Problems and Project
Notes
9 Solar and Wind Power and Their Storage
Solar Power
PV Solar Energy
Supports for Solar Power
Economics of Solar Power
Wind Power
From Tiny Acorns to Mighty Oaks
Small Can Be Beautiful
Objections to Wind Power
Evaluating a Potential Site
Financial Incentives
Source of Employment
Electricity Storage
Non-Flow or Solid State Batteries
Flow Batteries
Gravity Batteries
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Flywheels
Hydrogen
Problems and Projects
Notes
10 Hydrogen Economy, Geothermal and Ocean Power, and Climate Change
Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Hydrogen Economy Tomorrow
Geothermal Power
Geothermal Power for Heating
Geothermal Power for Electricity
Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS)
Climate Change
Climate Dating
How Long Has Man Been Influencing Climate?
Carbon Dioxide and Temperature over Geologic Time
Climate Changes during Recorded History
Whither Thou Goest Climate?
Problems and Projects
Notes
11 Environment and Energy Sustainability
Environment
Cap-and-Trade Emissions Trading
Montreal Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
Efficiency and Conservation
Sustainable Energy
Native American View of Sustainability
Founding Fathers View on Financial Sustainability
Easter Island
We Need to Identify the Relevant Goal
Population
Towards an Energy Sustainable Society
Biofuels
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Power
Hydro Power
Solar Power
Wind Power
Geothermal Power
Tidal and Wave Power
Efficiency and Conservation
Utility Adaptation
Summary of Disruptive Challenges Facing the Utility Industry
Technology Developments
Taxing Carbon
The Essential Problem Is the Magnitude of the Problem
There Is Always an Alternative
Problems
Notes
Index
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