[Gutenberg 55382] • Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals / For identifying the Rocks and Minerals of the United States and interpreting their Origins and Meanings by Loomis, Frederic Brewster -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals PREFACE CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES (AT END OF BOOK) CHAPTER I AN INTRODUCTION

Why Collecting Where Equipment Study Your Collection Literature

CHAPTER II ON THE FORMS AND PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Rocks Minerals Crystal Structure Crystal Systems Isometric system Crystal formation Tetragonal system Orthorhombic system Monoclinic system Triclinic system Hexagonal system Hemihedral forms Twinning Hardness Cleavage Specific gravity Streak Luster Color

CHAPTER III THE MINERALS

KEY TO THE MINERALS, BASED ON HARDNESS, COLOR, ETC. The Gold Group Gold Au Pl. 5 The Silver Group Silver Ag Pl. 6 Argentite AgS Pl. 6 silver glance Pyrargyrite Ag₃SbS₃ Pl. 7 ruby silver or dark red silver Prousite Ag₃ AsS₃ Pl. 7 light red silver Cerargyrite AgCl horn silver The Copper Group Copper Cu Pl. 8 Chalcopyrite CuFeS₂ Pl. 8 copper pyrites or yellow copper ore Bornite Cu₃FeS₃ purple copper ore Chalcocite Cu₂S Pl. 9 copper glance Tetrahedrite Cu₃SbS₃ Pl. 9 & 10 gray copper ore Cuprite Cu₂O Pl. 9 & 10 red copper ore Malachite CuCO₃·Cu(OH)₂ Pl. 11 Azurite 2CuCO₃·Cu(OH)₂ Pl. 11 Chrysocolla CuSiO₃·2H₂O The Iron Group Limonite 2Fe₂O₃·3H₂O Pl. 12 Goethite Fe₂O₃·H₂O Pl. 12 Hematite Fe₂O₃ Pl. 13 & 14 specular iron Magnetite Fe₃O₄ Pl. 14 Magnetic iron ore Siderite FeCO₃ Pl. 13 & 14 Spathic iron Pyrite FeS₂ Pl. 15 & 16 iron pyrites Marcasite FeS₂ Pl. 15 white pyrite Pyrrhotite Fe₁₁S₁₂ Magnetic pyrites The Lead Group Galena PbS Pl. 17 lead glance Cerrusite PbCO₃ Pl. 18 White lead ore Anglesite PbSO₄ Pl. 18 Pyromorphite Pb₅Cl(PO₄)₃ Pl. 17 Green lead ore The Zinc Group Sphalerite ZnS Pl. 19 & 20 zinc blende, black jack Zincite ZnO Pl. 19 & 20 red zinc ore Willemite ZnSiO₄ Pl. 20 Calamine Zn₂(OH)₂·SiO₃ Smithsonite ZnCO₃ Pl. 21 Dry bone Franklinite (ZnMn)Fe₂O₄ Pl. 21 The Manganese Group Pyrolusite MnO₂ Psilomelane MnO₂·H₂O Manganite Mn₂O₃·H₂O Pl. 22 Rhodochrosite MnCO₃ The Aluminum Group Corundum Al₂O₃ Pl. 23 Bauxite Al₂O₃·2H₂O Cryolite Na₃AlF₆ Ice stone The Arsenic Group Arsenopyrite FeAsS Pl. 24 Realgar AsS Pl. 24 Orpiment As₂S₃ Molybdenum Molybdenite MoS₂ Antimony Stibnite Sb₂S₃ Pl. 25 gray antimony The Nickel Group Niccolite NiAs Pl. 25 copper nickel Millerite NiS capillary pyrites The Cobalt Group Cobaltite CoAsS Pl. 26 cobalt glance Smaltite (CoNi)As₂ Pl. 26 gray cobalt ore Chromium Chromite FeCr₂O₄ chromic iron Tungsten Wolframite (FeMn)WO₄ Radium, Uranium and Vanadium Carnotite K₂O·2U₂O₃·V₂O₅·3H₂O Pl. 27 Mercury Cinnabar HgS Pl. 27 Tin Cassiterite SnO₂ Pl. 28 tin stone Titanium Rutile TiO₂ Pl. 28 Ilmenite FeTiO₃ Platinum Platinum Pt The Magnesium Group Spinel MgAlO₄ Pl. 29 Magnesite MgCO₃ Dolomite (MgCa)CO₃ Pl. 19 & 29 Silicon, Silica and the Silicates Quartz SiO₂ Pl. 30 Varieties of Quartz Chalcedony SiO₂ Opal SiO₂·H₂O Pl. 33 The Feldspars Orthoclase KAlSi₃O₈ Microcline KAlSi₃O₈ Pl. 35 Albite NaAlSi₃O₈ Oligoclase (NaCa)AlSi₃O₈ Labradorite (NaCa)AlSi₃O₈ Pl. 35 The Pyroxene Group Enstatite MgSiO₃ Hypersthene (MgFe)SiO₃ Augite CaMg(SiO₃)₂, MgAlSiO₆ + Fe₂O₃ Pl. 36 The Amphibole Group Tremolite (CaMg)₃(SiO₃)₄ Pl. 37 Actinolite (CaMgFe)₃(SiO₃)₄ Hornblende (CaMgFe)₃(SiO₃)₄CaMgAl₂(SiO₄)₃ Pl. 37 The Garnet Group Glucinum Beryl Gl₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆ Pl. 39 Sodalite Na₄Al₃Cl(SiO₄)₃ Zircon ZrSiO₄ Pl. 39 Cyanite Al₂SiO₅ Pl. 40 The Mica Group Topaz Al₂F₂SiO₄ Pl. 41 Staurolite FeAl₅OH(SiO₆)₂ Pl. 41 Olivine (MgFe)₂SiO₄ Peridot or Chrysolite Epidote Ca₂(AlOH)(AlFe₂)(SiO₄)₃ Pl. 42 Tourmaline (FeCrNaKLi)₄Mg₁₂B₆Al₁₆H₈Si₁₂O₆₃ Pl. 42 & frontispiece Kaolinite H₄Al₂Si₂O₉ Kaolin Talc H₂Mg₃(SiO₃)₄ Serpentine H₄Mg₃Si₂O₉ Pl. 43 Chlorite H₈(MgFe)₅Al₂(SiO₆)₃ Pl. 43 The Zeolites Analcite Na₃Al₂Si₄O₁₃ + 2H₂O Pl. 44 Natrolite Na₂Al₂Si₃O₁₀ + 2H₂O Plate 44 Stilbite H₄(CaNa₂)Al₂(SiO₃)₆ + 4H₂O Pl. 44 Calcium Calcite CaCO₃ Pl. 45 Aragonite CaCO₃ Pl. 46 Anhydrite CaSO₄ Pl. 46 Gypsum CaSO₄ + 2H₂O Pl. 47 The Strontium Group Strontianite SrCO₃ Celestite SrSO₄ The Barium Group Barite BaSO₄ Pl. 48 heavy spar Witherite BaCO₃ Pl. 48 Carbon Graphite C Plumbago Diamond C Phosphorus Apatite Ca₅F(PO₄)₃ Pl. 49 Turquois H₅[Al(OH)₂]Cu(OH)(PO₄)₄ Fluorine Fluorite CaF₂ Pl. 50 Fluor spar Halite NaCl Pl. 50 Salt Boracite Mg₇Cl₂B₁₆O₃₀ Colemanite Ca₂B₆O₁₁ + 5H₂O Borax NaB₄O₇ + 10H₂O Sulphur S Pl. 51 Ice H₂O Pl. 51 water

CHAPTER IV THE ROCKS

Igneous Rocks

CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Granite Pl. 53 Syenite Pl. 54 Quartz-Diorite Diorite Olivine-Gabbro Gabbro Pl. 54 Peridotite Pyroxenite Rhyolite Trachite Dacite Andesite Basalt Porphyry Pl. 55 Tuff Breccia Obsidian Pl. 55 Pitchstone Perlite pearlstone Scoria Amygdoloid Pl. 56 The Sedimentary Rocks A Classification of Sedimentary Rocks Talus Breccia Pl. 58 Soil Gravel Conglomerate Pl. 58 Sand Sandstone Clay Loess Shale Pl. 59 Marl Limestone Till Tillite The Coal Series Peat Lignite brown coal Bituminous Coal soft coal Cannel Coal Anthracite hard coal Carbonite Jet Amber Pl. 61 The Petroleum Series Natural gas Petroleum Crude Oil Pl. 61 Bitumen Guano Phosphate Rock Diatomaceous Earth Pl. 62 Metamorphic Rocks Gneiss Pl. 64 Quartzite Schist Pl. 65 Slate Phyllite Pl. 66 Marble Pl. 66 Steatite Soapstone Serpentine Pl. 67 Ophiolite Ophicalcite

CHAPTER V MISCELLANEOUS ROCKS

Concretions Clay stones Pl. 68 Lime concretions Septeria Pl. 69 Flint concretions Sandstone concretions Oolites Pisolite Pl. 69 Other Concretions Geodes Pebbles Meteorites Fossils A List of the Elements, the Abbreviations Used for Them, and Their Atomic Weight, Which Is Approximately the Number of Times Heavier They Are Than Hydrogen. Table of Geologic Time

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MINERALOGY MINERAL ECONOMICS, GEOPOLITICS ECONOMIC GEOLOGY GENERAL GEOLOGY PRECIOUS STONES FOSSILS

INDEX

Plate Frontispiece Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 15 Plate 17 Plate 19 Plate 21 Plate 24 Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27 Plate 31 Plate 32 Plate 33 Plate 35 Plate 36 Plate 38 Plate 39 Plate 40 Plate 41 Plate 43 Plate 49 Plate 50 Plate 61 Plate 65 Plate 67 Plate 1

Basal forms of the isometric system

Plate 2

Basal forms of the tetragonal system Basal forms of the orthorhombic system

Plate 3

Basal forms of the monoclinic system

Plate 4

Basal forms of the hexagonal system

Plate 10 Plate 30 Plate 14 Plate 16 Plate 18

Typical forms for cerrusite

Plate 20 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 28 Plate 29

Crystal forms in which dolomite occurs

Plate 34

Crystal forms of orthoclase

Plate 37

Diagrams of amphibole crystals

Plate 42

Typical forms of tourmaline

Plate 48 Plate 44 Plate 45

Typical forms of calcite

Plate 46

Typical forms of aragonite

Plate 47 Plate 51 Plate 52 Plate 53 Plate 54 Plate 55 Plate 56 Plate 57 Plate 58 Plate 59 Plate 60 Plate 62 Plate 63 Plate 64 Plate 66 Plate 68 Plate 69 Plate 70 Plate 71 Plate 72 Plate 73 PUTNAM’S NATURE FIELD BOOKS Companion books to this one

Transcriber’s Notes

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