The Physics of Energy by Jaffe, Robert L. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Half-title page Reviews Title page Imprints page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part I Basic Energy Physics and Uses

1 Introduction

1.1 Units and Energy Quantities 1.2 Types of Energy 1.3 Scales of Energy Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

2 Mechanical Energy

2.1 Kinetic Energy 2.2 Potential Energy 2.3 Air Resistance and Friction 2.4 Rotational Mechanics Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

3 Electromagnetic Energy

3.1 Electrostatics, Capacitance, and Energy Storage 3.2 Currents, Resistance, and Resistive Energy Loss 3.3 Magnetism 3.4 Electric Motors and Generators 3.5 Induction and Inductors 3.6 Maxwell's Equations Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

4 Waves and Light

4.1 Waves and a Wave Equation 4.2 Waves on a String 4.3 Electromagnetic Waves 4.4 Energy and Momentum in Electric and Magnetic Fields 4.5 General Features of Waves and Wave Equations Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

5 Thermodynamics I: Heat and Thermal Energy

5.1 What is Heat? 5.2 Pressure and Work 5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 5.4 Heat Capacity 5.5 Enthalpy 5.6 Phase Transitions Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

6 Heat Transfer

6.1 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 6.2 Heat Conduction 6.3 Heat Transfer by Convection and Radiation 6.4 Preventing Heat Loss from Buildings 6.5 The Heat Equation Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

7 Introduction to Quantum Physics

7.1 Motivation: The Double Slit Experiment 7.2 Quantum Wavefunctions and the Schrödinger Wave Equation 7.3 Energy and Quantum States 7.4 Quantum Superposition 7.5 Quantum Measurement 7.6 Time Dependence 7.7 Quantum Mechanics of Free Particles 7.8 Particles in Potentials Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

8 Thermodynamics II: Entropy and Temperature

8.1 Introduction to Entropy and the Second Law 8.2 Information Entropy 8.3 Thermodynamic Entropy 8.4 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature 8.5 Limit to Efficiency 8.6 The Boltzmann Distribution 8.7 The Partition Function and Simple Thermodynamic Systems 8.8 Spontaneous Processes and Free Energy Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

9 Energy in Matter

9.1 Energy, Temperature, and the Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation 9.2 A Tour of the Internal Energy of Matter I: From Ice to Vapor 9.3 A Tour of the Internal Energy of Matter II: Molecular Vibrations, Dissociation, and Binding Energies 9.4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Free Energy in Chemical Reactions 9.5 Chemical Thermodynamics: Examples Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

10 Thermal Energy Conversion

10.1 Thermodynamic Variables, Idealizations, and Representations 10.2 Thermodynamic Processes in Gas Phase Engines 10.3 Carnot Engine 10.4 Stirling Engine 10.5 Limitations to Efficiency of Real Engines 10.6 Heat Extraction Devices: Refrigerators and Heat Pumps Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

11 Internal Combustion Engines

11.1 Spark Ignition Engines and the Otto Cycle 11.2 Combustion and Fuels 11.3 Real Spark Ignition Engines 11.4 Other Internal Combustion Cycles Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

12 Phase-change Energy Conversion

12.1 Advantages of Phase Change in Energy Conversion Cycles 12.2 Phase Change in Pure Substances 12.3 The Real World: Engineering Nomenclature and Practical Calculations Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

13 Thermal Power and Heat Extraction Cycles

13.1 Thermodynamics with Flowing Fluids 13.2 Heat Extraction and the Vapor-compression Cycle 13.3 The Rankine Steam Cycle 13.4 Low-temperature Organic Rankine Systems 13.5 Gas Turbine and Combined Cycles Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

Part II Energy Sources

14 The Forces of Nature

14.1 Forces, Energies, and Distance Scales 14.2 Elementary Particles 14.3 The Weak Interactions and β-decay Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

15 Quantum Phenomena in Energy Systems

15.1 Decays and Other Time-dependent Quantum Processes 15.2 The Origins of Tunneling 15.3 Barrier Penetration 15.4 Tunneling Lifetimes 15.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

16 An Overview of Nuclear Power

16.1 Overview 16.2 Nuclear Fission Fuel Resources 16.3 The Following Chapters Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

17 Structure, Properties, and Decays of Nuclei

17.1 Basic Nuclear Properties 17.2 The Semi-empirical Mass Formula 17.3 Nuclear Binding Systematics 17.4 Nuclear Decays Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

18 Nuclear Energy Processes: Fission and Fusion

18.1 Comparing Fission and Fusion 18.2 Cross Sections 18.3 Physics of Nuclear Fission 18.4 Physics of Nuclear Fusion Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

19 Nuclear Fission Reactors and Nuclear Fusion Experiments

19.1 Nuclear Fission Reactor Dynamics 19.2 Physics Issues Affecting Fission Reactor Operation and Safety 19.3 Breeding and Fission Reactors 19.4 Fission Reactor Design: Past, Present, and Future 19.5 Nuclear Reactor Power Cycles 19.6 Experiments in Thermonuclear Fusion Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

20 Ionizing Radiation

20.1 Forms of Ionizing Radiation: An Overview 20.2 Interactions of Radiation with Matter 20.3 Measures of Radiation 20.4 Biological Effects of Radiation 20.5 Radiation in the Human Environment 20.6 Nuclear Waste and Nuclear Proliferation Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

21 Energy in the Universe

21.1 What is Energy? 21.2 A Brief History of Energy in the Universe Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

22 Solar Energy: Solar Production and Radiation

22.1 Nuclear Source of Solar Energy 22.2 Blackbody Radiation and Solar Radiation 22.3 Derivation of the Blackbody Radiation Formula Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

23 Solar Energy: Solar Radiation on Earth

23.1 Insolation and the Solar Constant 23.2 Earth's Orbit 23.3 Variation of Insolation 23.4 Interaction of Light with Matter 23.5 Atmospheric Absorption 23.6 Extent of Resource Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

24 Solar Thermal Energy

24.1 Solar Absorption and Radiation Balance 24.2 Low-temperature Solar Collectors 24.3 Concentrators 24.4 Solar Thermal Electricity (STE) Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

25 Photovoltaic Solar Cells

25.1 Introductory Aspects of Solid-state Physics 25.2 Quantum Mechanics on a Lattice 25.3 Electrons in Solids and Semiconductors 25.4 The PV Concept and a Limit on Collection Efficiency 25.5 Band Structure of Silicon 25.6 p-n Junctions 25.7 The p-n Junction as a Photodiode 25.8 Silicon Solar Cells 25.9 Advanced Solar Cells 25.10 Global Use of Photovoltaics Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

26 Biological Energy

26.1 Energy and Photosynthesis 26.2 Food Energy 26.3 Biomass 26.4 Biofuels 26.5 The Future of Bioenergy Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

27 Ocean Energy Flow

27.1 Oceanic Energy Balance and Transport 27.2 Coriolis Force 27.3 Surface Currents 27.4 Atmospheric Circulation 27.5 Ocean Circulation 27.6 Ocean Thermal Resources and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

28 Wind: A Highly Variable Resource

28.1 The Nature of the Wind 28.2 Characterization of a Wind Resource 28.3 The Potential of Wind Energy Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

29 Fluids: The Basics

29.1 Defining Characteristics of a Fluid 29.2 Simplifying Assumptions and Conservation Laws 29.3 Viscosity 29.4 Lift Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

30 Wind Turbines

30.1 Axial-momentum Theory and Betz's Limit 30.2 Turbine Blades and Power 30.3 Some Design Considerations Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

31 Energy from Moving Water: Hydro, Wave, Tidal, and Marine Current Power

31.1 Hydropower 31.2 Wave Power 31.3 Tidal Power 31.4 Marine Current Energy Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

32 Geothermal Energy

32.1 Thermal Energy in Earth's Interior 32.2 Geothermal Energy Resources 32.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps 32.4 Hydrothermal Energy 32.5 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) 32.6 Magnitude of Geothermal Resources Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

33 Fossil Fuels

33.1 Coal 33.2 Petroleum 33.3 Natural Gas 33.4 Hydrocarbon Conversion 33.5 Fossil Fuel Summary Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

Part III Energy System Issues and Externalities 679

34 Energy and Climate

34.1 Albedo and the Greenhouse Effect 34.2 Atmospheric Physics 34.3 Global Energy Flow 34.4 CO2 and the Carbon Cycle 34.5 Feedbacks and Climate Modeling Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

35 Earth's Climate: Past, Present, and Future

35.1 Past Climate 35.2 Predicting Future Climate 35.3 Effects of Climate Change 35.4 Mitigation and Adaptation Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

36 Energy Efficiency, Conservation, and Changing Energy Sources

36.1 First Law Efficiency 36.2 Second Law Efficiency 36.3 Example: The Efficiency of Space Heating 36.4 Exergy 36.5 Efficiency and Conservation Case Studies 36.6 Energy Systems: Scales and Transformations Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

37 Energy Storage

37.1 Performance Criteria for Energy Storage 37.2 Grid-scale Storage 37.3 Mobile Energy Storage 37.4 Other Energy Storage Systems Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

38 Electricity Generation and Transmission

38.1 Overview of Electric Grids 38.2 LRC Circuits 38.3 Grid-scale Electricity Generation 38.4 Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 38.5 Renewables: Variable and Distributed Energy Resources Discussion/Investigation Questions Problems

Appendix A Notation Appendix B Some Basic Mathematics Appendix C Units and Fundamental Constants Appendix D Data References Index

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