The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning by Domjan, Michael -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

PREFACE 1. Basic Concepts and Definitions

Fundamental Features of Learning

Learning and Other Forms of Behavior Change Learning, Performance, and Levels of Analysis A Definition of Learning

Naturalistic Versus Experimental Observations The Fundamental Learning Experiment

The Control Problem in Studies of Learning The General-Process Approach to the Study of Learning The Use of Nonhuman Participants in Research on Learning

Summary Technical Terms

2. The Structure of Unconditioned Behavior

Shaping and Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Substrates of Behavior The Concept of the Reflex Complex Forms of Elicited Behavior

Modal Action Patterns Sign Stimuli

The Organization of Elicited Behavior

Motivational Factors Appetitive and Consummatory Behavior Behavior Systems

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

3. Habituation and Sensitization

Effects of the Repeated Presentation of an Eliciting Stimulus

Characteristics of Habituation Effects Characteristics of Sensitization Effects

The Dual-Process Theory of Habituation and Sensitization

The S–R System and the State System Implications of the Dual-Process Theory

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

4. Pavlovian Conditioning: Basic Concepts

Pavlov’s Proverbial Bell Contemporary Conditioning Situations

Appetitive Conditioning Aversive or Fear Conditioning

The Nature of the Conditioned Response Conditioned Modifications of the Unconditioned Response Stimulus Factors in Classical Conditioning

CS Novelty and the Latent Inhibition Effect CS–US Relevance and Selective Associations

The Control Problem in Pavlovian Conditioning Prevalence of Pavlovian Conditioning Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

5. Stimulus Relations in Pavlovian Conditioning

Temporal Relation Between CS and US

Common Conditioning Procedures Effects of the CS–US Interval Temporal Encoding of When the US Occurs

Signal Relation Between CS and US

The Blocking Effect CS–US Contingency

Higher Order Relations in Pavlovian Conditioning: Conditioned Inhibition

Inhibitory Conditioning Procedures Behavioral Measurement of Conditioned Inhibition

Higher Order Relations in Pavlovian Conditioning: Conditioned Facilitation

Associations Learned in a Conditioned Facilitation Procedure

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

6. Pavlovian Conditioning Mechanisms and Theories

What Is Learned in Pavlovian Conditioning? How Are Pavlovian Associations Learned?

The Rescorla–Wagner Model Attentional Models of Conditioning Temporal Factors and Conditioned Responding The Comparator Hypothesis

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

7. Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

The Traditions of Thorndike and Skinner

Methodological Considerations

The Initial Learning of an Instrumental or Operant Response

Learning Where and What to Run For Constructing New Responses From Familiar Components Shaping New Responses

The Importance of Immediate Reinforcement Associative Mechanisms in Instrumental Conditioning

The R–O Association The S–R Association and Thorndike’s Law of Effect The S–O Association The S(R–O) Association

Implications for Biological Constraints on Instrumental Conditioning Implications for Neural Mechanisms of Instrumental Conditioning Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

8. Schedules of Reinforcement

The Cumulative Record Simple Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio Schedules Interval Schedules

Mechanisms of Schedule Performance

Feedback Functions for Ratio Schedules Feedback Functions for Interval Schedules Feedback Functions and Schedule Performance

Concurrent Schedules Concurrent-Chain Schedules and Self Control Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

9. Theories of Reinforcement

Thorndike and the Law of Effect Hull and Drive Reduction Theory

Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers and Acquired Drives Sensory Reinforcement

The Premack Principle

The Premack Revolution Applications of the Premack Principle Theoretical Problems

The Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Response Deprivation and the Law of Effect Response Deprivation and Response Probability Response Deprivation and the Locus of Reinforcement Effects

Response Allocation and Behavioral Economics

Imposing an Instrumental Contingency Responding to Schedule Constraints Contributions of Response Allocation and Behavioral Economics

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

10. Extinction of Conditioned Behavior

Effects of Extinction Procedures Extinction and Original Learning

Spontaneous Recovery The Renewal Effect Reinstatement of Conditioned Excitation

Enhancing Extinction Performance “Paradoxical” Reward Effects in Extinction

Overtraining Extinction Effect Magnitude of Reinforcement Extinction Effect Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect Mechanisms of the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

11. Punishment

Effective and Ineffective Punishment

When Punishment Fails When Punishment Succeeds

Research Evidence on Punishment

Response–Reinforcer Contingency Response–Reinforcer Contiguity Intensity of the Aversive Stimulus Signaled Punishment Punishment and the Mechanisms Maintaining the Punished Response Punishment and the Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Paradoxical Effects of Punishment

Can and Should We Create a Society Free of Punishment? Alternatives to Abusive Punishment

Time-Out Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

12. Avoidance Learning

Dominant Questions in the Analysis of Avoidance Learning Origins of the Study of Avoidance Learning Contemporary Avoidance Conditioning Procedures

Discriminated Avoidance Nondiscriminated or Free-Operant Avoidance

Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance

Evidence Consistent With the Two-Factor Theory Evidence Contrary to the Two-Factor Theory

Conditioned Temporal Cues in Avoidance Learning Safety Signals and Avoidance Learning Extinction of Avoidance Behavior Avoidance Learning and Unconditioned Defensive Behavior

Species-Specific Defense Reactions The Predatory Imminence Continuum

Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

13. Stimulus Control of Behavior

Measurement of Stimulus Control

Stimulus Generalization Gradients Stimulus Generalization and Stimulus Discrimination Contrasting Conceptions of Stimulus Generalization

Determinants of Stimulus Control: Sensory and Motivational Variables

Sensory Capacity Sensory Orientation Stimulus Intensity or Salience Motivational Factors

Determinants of Stimulus Control: Learning Factors

Pavlovian and Instrumental Conditioning Stimulus Discrimination Training Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement

Determinants of the Precision of Stimulus Control

Interdimensional Versus Intradimensional Discriminations

Stimulus Equivalence Training Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

14. Memory Mechanisms

Stages of Information Processing The Matching-to-Sample Procedure

Simultaneous Versus Delayed Matching to Sample Procedural Controls for Memory

Types of Memory

Reference and Working Memory Trace Decay Versus Active Memory Processes Retrospective Versus Prospective Memory

Sources of Memory Failure

Interference Effects Retrieval Failure

Consolidation, Reconsolidation, and Memory Updating Summary Suggested Readings Technical Terms

GLOSSARY REFERENCES ABOUT THE AUTHOR

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