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Index
Research methods in criminal justice and criminology
Table of Contents
Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice?
The Emergence of Science and Criminal Justice
The Probabilistic Nature of Science
Proper Conduct of Critical Inquiry
Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice
Merton’s “Matthew Effect” in Science
The Paradigm Shift in Policing
Pure versus Applied Research
The Project of Human Development: An Accelerated Longitudinal Design Using Nine Spaced-Age Cohorts
Crime Analysis: Applied Criminal Justice Research
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Researchese: The Language of Research
Examples of the Research Process __
General Steps in Empirical Research in Criminal Justice
Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem
Problem Formulation: Specification of Research Problem
Feminist Perspectives and Research Methods
The World Wide Web (WWW)
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Honor Commitments to Respondents and Respect Reciprocity
Exercise Objectivity and Professional Integrity in Performing and Reporting Research
Protect Confidentiality and Privacy of Respondents
Ethical Problems
Avoiding Ethical Problems
Summary
Research Design:
The Experimental Model and Its Variations
Halo Effect
Post Hoc Error
Other Rival Causal Factors in Criminal Justice Field Experiments
Experimental Designs
The Classic Experimental Design
Some Criminal Justice Examples of the Classic Experimental Design Candid Camera
The Kansas City Gun Experiment
The Cycle of Violence and Victims of Child Abuse
The Experiment as a Data-Gathering Strategy
Summary
Review Questions
Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies
Social Surveys
Participant Observation
Life History and Case Studies
Unobtrusive Measures
The Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports
Applied Research: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
The Crime Index
Crime Rate
Cautions in the Use of UCR Data
Related UCR Issues
UCR Redesign
The Crime Dip of the 90s
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
NIBRS versus UCR
Summary
Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires
Mail Surveys
Advantages of Mail Surveys
Disadvantages of Mail Surveys
Ways of Eliminating Disadvantages in Mail Surveys
Self-Reported Measures of Crime
Some Problems with Self-Report Surveys
Strengths of Self-Report Surveys
Summary
Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys
Arranging the Interview
Demeanor of Interviewer
Administration of the Structured Interview
Probing
The Exit
Recording the Interview
Telephone Surveys
Advantages and Prospects of Telephone Surveys
Disadvantages of Telephone Surveys
Computers in Survey Research
Random Digit Dialing
Techniques Employed in Telephone Surveys
Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice
National Crime Victimization Survey
A Comparison of UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data
Some Problems in Victim Surveys
A Defense of Victim Surveys
Controlling for Error in Victim Surveys _
Victim Surveys: A Balanced View
Redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey
The Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey
Summary
Key Concepts
Review Questions
Participant Observation and Case Studies
Some Examples of Case Studies
Single-Subject Designs
Summary
Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods
Physical Trace Analysis
Use of Available Data and Archives
Automated Pin Mapping: Applied Criminal Justice Research Using GIS for Crime Analysis
Applied Criminal Justice Research: Statement Analysis as a Variation of Content Analysis
Applied Criminal Justice Research: Grid Analysis and Hotspot Analysis
Sources of Existing Data _______
X-Files at the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Observation
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data
Street Gang Crime in Chicago
Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies
Error in Research
Reasons for Lack of Validation Studies in Criminal Justice
Ways of Determining Validity
Reliability
Mythical Numbers
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)
ADAM—Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program
Scaling and Index Construction
Likert Scales
Guttman Scales
Other Scaling Procedures
Crime Seriousness Scales
Prediction Scales
Advantages of Scales
Disadvantages of Scales
Summary
Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation
Coding
Coder Monitoring
Keyboard Entry
Data Verification
Simple Data Presentation
The Frequency Distribution
Graphic Presentations
CRIME CLOCK 1996
(V)
Improper Percentaging
Elaboration
Lying with Statistics
Summary
Data Analysis: A User’s Guide to Statistics
Nature and Types of Statistics
The fTest (Difference of Means Test)
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Other Measures of Relationship
Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r)
T* 1 2 3 4 £y 2
r = a + b.X, + b 2 x 2 + - b K X K + e
Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research
A Table of Random Numbers
APPENDIX
Answers to Pop Quizzes in Chapter 12
D Normal Curve Areas
Chi-Square (x 2 )
and Evaluation
NIJ Proposal Format and Content
Evaluation of Research Proposals
References
Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods:
Theory and Method
Additional Useful Sources
Chapter 2 Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 3 Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations
Chapter 4 An Introduction to Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies
and the Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports
Chapter 5 Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires
——--- References
References
-—--- References
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_505
Chapter 10 Scaling and Index Construction
509
513
Glossary
Name Index
Z96363Q0308Z.6
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