A History of Islamic Societies by Lapidus, Ira M. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Half title page Title page Copyright page Contents List of illustrations List of figures List of maps List of tables Preface Acknowledgments Acknowledgments to the first edition of A History of Islamic Societies Acknowledgments to the second edition of A History of Islamic Societies Publisher’s preface Introduction to Islamic societies PART I THE BEGINNINGS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATIONS

THE MIDDLE EAST FROM c. 600 TO c. 1000

1 Middle Eastern societies before Islam

Ancient, Roman, and Persian empires

The Roman Empire The Sasanian Empire

Religion and society before Islam Religions and empires Women, family, and society (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)

Marriage, divorce, and sexual morality Property and inheritance Seclusion and veiling

Conclusion

THE PREACHING OF ISLAM

2 Historians and the sources 3 Arabia

Clans and kingdoms Mecca Language, poetry, and the gods

4 Muhammad: preaching, community, and state formation

The life of the Prophet The Quran The Judeo-Christian and Arabian heritage Community and politics Conclusion: the umma of Islam

THE ARAB-MUSLIM IMPERIUM (632–945)

5 Introduction to the Arab-Muslim empires 6 The Arab-Muslim conquests and the socioeconomic bases of empire

The conquests The administration of the new empire

7 Regional developments: economic and social change

Iraq Syria and Mesopotamia Egypt Iran The integration of conquering and conquered peoples Conversions to Islam Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages

8 The caliphate to 750

The Rightly Guided Caliphs The Umayyad monarchy (661–685) The imperial caliphate: the Marwanids (685–750) The crisis of the dynasty and the rise of the ʿAbbasids

9 The ʿAbbasid Empire

Baghdad ʿAbbasid administration: the central government Provincial government Local government Resistance and rebellion

10 Decline and fall of the ʿAbbasid Empire

The decline of the central government Provincial autonomy and the rise of independent states

COSMOPOLITAN ISLAM: THE ISLAM OF THE IMPERIAL ELITE

11 Introduction: religion and identity 12 The ideology of imperial Islam

Umayyad architecture The desert palaces The Umayyads and the ancient empires Islam and iconoclasm

13 The ʿAbbasids: Caliphs and Emperors

The caliphate and Islam

The inquisition Architecture and court ceremony

The Arabic humanities Persian literature Hellenistic literature and philosophy Culture, legitimacy, and the state

URBAN ISLAM: THE ISLAM OF SCHOLARS AND HOLY MEN

14 Introduction 15 Sunni Islam

The veneration of the Prophet Early Muslim theology

Ashʿarism

Scripturalism: Quran, Hadith, and law (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)

Law in the seventh and eighth centuries Tradition and law: hadith Reasoned opinion versus traditionalism The schools of law

Asceticism and mysticism (Sufism)

16 Shiʿi Islam

Ismaʿili Shiʿism

WOMEN, FAMILIES, AND COMMUNITIES

17 Muslim urban societies to the tenth century

Women and family (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)

Women and family in the lifetime of the Prophet Women and family in the Caliphal era Property and inheritance

Urban communities

18 The non-Muslim minorities

The early Islamic era Islamic legislation for non-Muslims Christians and Christianity

Early Islamic era to the ninth century Christian literature in arabic Crusades and reaction The Egyptian Copts Christians in North Africa

Jews and Judaism (co-author, David Moshfegh)

Egyptian and North African Jews: the Geniza era The Yeshivas and rabbinic Judaism The nagid Jewish culture in the Islamic context

19 Continuity and change in the historic cultures of the Middle East

Religion and empire Conclusion

PART II FROM ISLAMIC COMMUNITY TO ISLAMIC SOCIETY

EGYPT, IRAQ, AND IRAN, 945–c. 1500

20 The post-ʿAbbasid Middle Eastern state System

Iraq, Iran, and the eastern provinces The Saljuq Empire, the Mongols, and the Timurids

The Saljuq Empire The Mongols The Timurids

The western regions

Fatimid Egypt Syria and the Crusades The Mamluk empire

Military slavery The iqtaʿ System and Middle Eastern Feudalism Royal courts and regional cultures: Islam in Persian garb The post-ʿAbbasid concept of the state

21 Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies: 1000–1500 CE

Women and family: ideology versus reality (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)

Royal Women Women of urban notable families Working women and popular culture Jurisprudence and courts

Urban societies: the quarters and the markets Religious communities

Shiʿis Schools of law Sufis

Islamic institutions and a mass Islamic society Muslim religious movements and the state

22 The collective ideal

Sunni theory Mirrors for princes The philosopher-king

23 The personal ethic

Normative Islam: scripture, Sufism, and theology Sufism in the post-ʿAbbasid era Al-Ghazali: his life and vision Theology Alternative Islam: philosophy and gnostic and popular Sufism

Islamic philosophy and theosophy Ibn al-ʿArabi Popular Sufism: the veneration of saints

Dialogues within Islam

24 Conclusion: Middle Eastern Islamic patterns

Imperial Islamic society States and communities in a fragmented Middle East Coping with the limits of worldly life State and religion in the medieval Islamic paradigm

PART III THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF ISLAM FROM THE SEVENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES

25 Introduction: Islamic institutions

Conversion to Islam

North Africa and the Middle East Turkish conquests and conversions in Anatolia, the Balkans, the Middle East, Inner Asia, and India Conversions in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

Muslim elites and Islamic communities The reform movement Social structures of Islamic societies Islamic states

THE WESTERN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES

26 Islamic North Africa to the thirteenth century

Muslim states to the eleventh century The Fatimid and Zirid empires and the Banu Hilal The Almoravids and the Almohads Scholars and Sufis: Islamic religious communities

27 Spanish-Islamic civilization

Hispano-Arabic society (co-author, David Moshfegh) Hispano-Arabic culture The Reconquista Muslims under Christian rule The Jews in Spain (co-author, David Moshfegh) The synthesis of Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin cultures The breakdown of convivencia (co-author, David Moshfegh) The expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal (co-author, David Moshfegh)

Jews in North Africa

The expulsion of the Muslims (co-author, David Moshfegh)

28 Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries

Tunisia Algeria Morocco: the Marinid and Saʿdian states The ʿAlawi dynasty to the French protectorate

29 States and Islam: North African variations

ISLAM IN ASIA

30 Introduction: Empires and societies 31 The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman Empire

Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia (1071–1243) The rise of the Ottomans (c. 1280–1453): from ghazi state to empire The Ottoman world empire The patrimonial regime: fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

The janissaries and civil and religious administration Ottoman law (co-author, Lena Salaymeh) Provincial government

Royal authority, cultural legitimization, and Ottoman identity The Ottoman economy Rulers and subjects: Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire

Jews Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians Coptic Christians Christians in the Ottoman Near East

Muslim communities Women and family in the Ottoman era (1400–1800) (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)

The Ottoman legal system and the family Freedom and slavery Family and sexuality

32 The postclassical Ottoman Empire: decentralization, commercialization, and incorporation

Commercialization New political institutions Networking Power, ideology, and identity Center and periphery

33 The Arab provinces under Ottoman rule

Egypt The Fertile Crescent

34 The Safavid Empire

The origins of the Safavids Iran under the early safavids The Reign of Shah ʿAbbas The conversion of Iran to Shiʿism State and religion in late Safavid Iran The dissolution of the Safavid Empire

35 The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi sultanates and the Mughal Empire

The Muslim conquests and the Delhi sultanates Conversion and Muslim communities The varieties of Indian Islam Muslim holy men and political authority The Mughal Empire and Indian Culture Authority and legitimacy The decline of the Mughal Empire

The reign of Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707)

Islam under the Mughals The international economy and the British Indian Empire

36 Islamic empires compared

Asian empires as Islamic states

37 Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century

The western and northern steppes Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and Farghana) Eastern Turkestan and China

38 Islamic Societies in Southeast Asia

Pre-Islamic Southeast Asia The coming of Islam Portuguese, Dutch, and Muslim states Java: the state, the ʿulamaʾ, and the peasants The crisis of imperialism and Islam on Java: 1795–1830 Aceh Malaya Minangkabau

ISLAM IN AFRICA

39 The African context: Islam, slavery, and colonialism

Islam Slavery Colonialism

40 Islam in Sudanic, savannah, and forest West Africa

The kingdoms of the western Sudan

Mali Songhay

The central Sudan: Kanem and Bornu Hausaland Non-state Muslim communities in West Africa: merchants and religious lineages

Zawaya lineages: the Kunta

Merchants and missionaries in the forest and coastal regions Senegambia

41 The West African jihads

The Senegambian jihads ʿUthman don Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate The jihad of al-Hajj ʿUmar The late nineteenth-century jihads Jihad and conversion

42 Islam in East Africa and the European colonial empires

Sudan Darfur The coastal cities and Swahili Islam Ethiopia and Somalia Central Africa Colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion

CONCLUSION

43 The varieties of Islamic societies 44 The global context

The inner spaces of the Muslim world

The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean The desert as ocean: Inner Asia and the Sahara

The rise of Europe and the world economy European trade, naval power, and empire European imperialism and the beginning of the modern era

PART IV THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION: MUSLIM PEOPLES FROM THE NINETEENTH TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES

45 Introduction: imperialism, modernity, and the transformation of Islamic societies

Islamic reformism Islamic modernism Nationalism Patterns of response and resistance The contemporary Islamic revival

NATIONALISM AND ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

46 The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the modernization of Turkey

The partition of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman reform

The Young Ottomans The Young Turks

World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire Republican Turkey

The Turkish Republic under Ataturk The post–World War II Turkish Republic Islam in Turkish politics: 1950–1983 Islam and the state: 1983–2000 The AKP: a new synthesis and a new governing party The current state of Turkish politics

47 Iran: state and religion in the modern era

Qajar Iran: the Long Nineteenth Century The constitutional crisis Twentieth-century Iran: the Pahlavi Era The ʿulamaʾ and the Revolution The Islamic Republic Islam and the state

48 Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity

The nineteenth-century reforming state British colonial rule Egyptian resistance: from Islamic modernism to nationalism The liberal republic The Nasser era Sadat and Mubarak

The Islamic Revival Secular opposition movements Revolution and reaction

49 The Arab East: Arabism, military states, and Islam

Notables and the rise of Arab nationalism Arabism and Arab states in the colonial period

Syria Lebanon Iraq to 1958 Transjordan and Jordan

The struggle for Arab unity and the contemporary Fertile Crescent states

Syria Iraq Lebanon

The Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine

Zionists and Palestinians to 1948 The Palestinian movement and Israel from 1948 to the 1990s Toward a two-state solution?

50 The Arabian Peninsula

Yemen

Union of the two yemens Islam and the state

Saudi Arabia

Political and religious opposition Foreign policy

The Gulf states

Oman Kuwait Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates

Arab states, nationalism, and Islam

51 North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Algeria

The French occupation The rebirth of Algerian resistance: to the end of World War II The drive to independence and the Algerian revolution Independent Algeria

Tunisia

The colonial era Independent Tunisia: from the 1950s to the present

Morocco

Under colonial rule Independent Morocco

Libya Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements: the Middle East and North Africa

52 Women in the Middle East: nineteenth to twenty-first centuries (co-author, Lena Salaymeh)

Imperialism and Reform in the Nineteenth Century

Changes in family law Women’s secular education Labor and social and political activism

Post–World War I nation-states

Turkey Iran Egypt from the 1920s to the present

Post–World War II Arab States

Education, work, and social activism in the Arab countries Changing social mores

Islamism and feminism Western gaze and obsession with veiling Twenty-first-century revolutions

ISLAM AND SECULARISM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ASIA

53 Muslims in Russia, the Caucasus, Inner Asia, and China

The Caucasus and Inner Asia under Tsarist Rule Islamic reform and modernism: the Jadid movement The revolutionary era and the formation of the Soviet Union Soviet modernization

The pre–World War II era Post–World War II Post–Soviet Russia

The Caucasus

Azarbayjan

Newly independent states in formerly Soviet Central Asia The Muslims of China Conclusion

54 The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh

From the Mughal Empire to the partition of the Indian subcontinent

Muslim Militancy from Plassey to 1857 From the Mutiny to World War I From cultural to political action From elite to mass politics The Pakistan Movement

The Muslims of post-Partition India Pakistan

Foreign policy

Afghanistan Bangladesh Conclusion

55 Islam in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines

Dutch rule and economic development in the Indies Southeast Asian responses to Dutch Rule

Islamic traditionalism and revolt The priyayi, the merchant elites, nationalism, and Islamic modernism The conservative reaction

Islamic and secular nationalist political parties: 1900–1950 The Indonesian Republic

Sukarno and a secular Indonesia: 1955–1965 The Suharto regime: state and Islam, 1965–1998 Indonesian Islam: 1998 to the present

British Malaya and independent Malaysia

The Malaysian state and Islam in a multiethnic society

The Philippines Conclusion

ISLAM IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICA

56 Islam in West Africa

Colonialism and independence: African states and Islam West African Muslim-majority countries

Mali Mauritania Senegal Nigeria: a divided society Muslims in other West African states

57 Islam in East Africa

Sudan

Independent Sudan Military rule Civil war

Somalia Ethiopia and Eritrea Swahili East Africa

Zanzibar Tanzania Kenya Uganda

The Shiʿi communities

58 Universal Islam and African diversity

ISLAM IN THE WEST

59 Muslims in Europe and America

Muslims in the United States

American converts Muslim identity issues in the United States

Canada Eastern Europe

Bosnia and Yugoslavia Albania and Albanians Bulgaria

Muslims in Western Europe

Immigrant identities in Europe

Immigrant status by country

Britain France Germany Sweden, the Netherlands, and Spain

The anti-immigrant reaction

Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival

The institutional and cultural features of pre-modern Islamic Societies The nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation of Islamic Societies

Nations, nationalism, and Islam

The Islamic revival

Religious revival Transnational Islam “Islamism” and political action Transnational politics: military and terrorist organizations

Contemporary patterns in the relations between states and Islamic Societies

Islamic and neo-Islamic states Secularized states with Islamic identities Secularized states and Islamic opposition Islamic national societies in Southeast Asia

Muslims as political minorities Concluding remarks

Glossary Bibliography Annotated bibliography from A History of Islamic Societies, second edition Index

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →