The Spirit Level by Wilkinson, Richard -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover ABOUT THE AUTHORS Title Page Copyright Page Contents Dedication Preface Acknowledgements Note on Graphs The Spirit Level

PART ONE: Material Success, Social Failure

1: The end of an era

WHERE THE EVIDENCE LEADS THE ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS TO GROWTH INCOME DIFFERENCES WITHIN AND BETWEEN SOCIETIES

2: Poverty or inequality?

HOW MUCH INEQUALITY? DOES THE AMOUNT OF INEQUALITY MAKE A DIFFERENCE? SOCIAL GRADIENTS DIFFERENT PROBLEMS – COMMON ROOTS WHAT DOES INCOME INEQUALITY TELL US? QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

3: How inequality gets under the skin

THE RISE IN ANXIETY SELF-ESTEEM AND SOCIAL INSECURITY THREATS TO THE SOCIAL SELF PRIDE, SHAME AND STATUS FROM COMMUNITY TO MASS SOCIETY INEQUALITY INCREASES EVALUATION ANXIETIES SELF-PROMOTION REPLACES SELF-DEPRECATION AND MODESTY LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY

PART TWO: The Costs of Inequality

4: Community life and social relations

THE EQUALITY OF CONDITIONS WHAT’S TRUST GOT TO DO WITH IT? INCOME INEQUALITY AND TRUST CHICKEN OR EGG? TRUST MATTERS RAIDERS AND MAVERICKS WOMEN’S STATUS TRUST BEYOND BORDERS WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED

5: Mental health and drug use

MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE UK AND USA MENTAL WELLBEING APPLES AND ORANGES? INCOME INEQUALITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS CLINGING TO THE LADDER INEQUALITY AND ILLEGAL DRUGS MONKEY BUSINESS

6: Physical health and life expectancy

MATERIAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH LIFE IS SHORT WHERE LIFE IS BRUTAL HEALTH AND WEALTH THE ‘BIG IDEA’ UNDER OUR SKIN

7: Obesity: wider income gaps, wider waists

THE ‘OBESOGENIC’ ENVIRONMENT INCOME INEQUALITY AND OBESITY EATING FOR COMFORT … … EATING (OR NOT) FOR STATUS FAT IS A FEMININE ISSUE? YOU CAN NEVER BE TOO RICH OR TOO THIN THE THRIFTY PHENOTYPE THE EQUALITY DIET

8: Educational performance

THE HOME ADVANTAGE UNEQUAL ATTAINMENT STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE EDUCATIONAL WELFARE UNEQUAL LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES DIFFERENT STROKES FOR DIFFERENT FOLKS

9: Teenage births: recycling deprivation

WHY IT MATTERS BORN UNEQUAL THE FAST LANE TO ADULTHOOD EARLY MATURITY AND ABSENT FATHERS WHAT ABOUT THE DADS?

10: Violence: gaining respect

‘IF YOU AIN’T GOT PRIDE, YOU GOT NOTHING.’ INEQUALITY IS ‘STRUCTURAL’ VIOLENCE HAVENS IN A HEARTLESS WORLD PEAKS AND TROUGHS

11: Imprisonment and punishment

CRIME OR PUNISHMENT? IMPRISONMENT AND INEQUALITY DEGREES OF CIVILIZATION DOES PRISON WORK? HARDENING ATTITUDES

12: Social mobility: unequal opportunities

LIKE FATHER, LIKE SON? MOVING UPWARDS, MOVING OUT MATTERS OF TASTE – AND CULTURE THE BICYCLING REACTION

PART THREE: A Better Society

13: Dysfunctional societies

DYSFUNCTIONAL SOCIETIES EVERYONE BENEFITS OTHER EXPLANATIONS? ETHNICITY AND INEQUALITY SINGLE PARENTS DIFFERENT HISTORIES CAUSALITY

14: Our social inheritance

LOOKING BEFORE LEAPING TWO SIDES OF THE COIN FRIEND OR FOE ECONOMIC EXPERIMENTS CHIMPS AND BONOBOS THE SOCIAL BRAIN OUR DUAL INHERITANCE EARLY EXPERIENCE MIRROR NEURONS AND EMPATHY OXYTOCIN AND TRUST CO-OPERATIVE PLEASURE AND PAINFUL EXCLUSION

15: Equality and sustainability

SUSTAINABILITY AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS FAIRLY NEW TECHNOLOGY IS NOT ENOUGH ON ITS OWN A STEADY-STATE ECONOMY INEQUALITY AND CONSUMERISM

16: Building the future

A TRANSFORMATION THE POLICY FAILURE TRENDS IN INEQUALITY DIFFERENT ROUTES TO GREATER EQUALITY POLITICAL WILL CORPORATE POWER – THE ELEPHANT IN THE LIVING ROOM ALTERNATIVES WHAT CAN BE DONE? FREEDOM AND EQUALITY RUNNING WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL TIDE THE FUTURE OF EQUALITY

Postscript – Research Meets Politics

THE SPIRIT LEVEL DEBATE AN IDEA WHOSE TIME HAS COME? WHO BENEFITS FROM GREATER EQUALITY? INEQUALITY, CLASS AND STATUS FAIR CRITICISM AND FOUL ATTACKS WHY THE ATTACKS FAIL PICKING AND CHOOSING? WHICH COUNTRIES? CULTURAL DIFFERENCES? OUTLIERS, DAMN OUTLIERS AND STATISTICS OTHER FACTORS? THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING NEW EVIDENCE EQUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY INEQUALITY, THE MARKET AND DEMOCRACY INEQUALITY, DEBT AND THE FINANCIAL CRASH MAKING DEMOCRACY WORK

The Equality Trust Appendix

HOW WE CHOSE COUNTRIES FOR OUR INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS THE 50 AMERICAN STATES INCOME INEQUALITY DATA DEVELOPING THE INDEX OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Sources of Data for the Indices of Health and Social Problems Statistics References Index Footnotes

1: The end of an era

Page 4

7: Obesity: wider income gaps, wider waists

Page 89 Page 93

11: Imprisonment and punishment

Page 153

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