High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion of Metals by Young, David John -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Foreword Preface Abbreviations and Acronyms Symbols Chapter 1. The Nature of High Temperature Oxidation

1.1. Metal Loss Due to the Scaling of Steel 1.2. Heating Elements 1.3. Protecting Turbine Engine Components 1.4. Hydrocarbon Cracking Furnaces 1.5. Prediction and Measurement 1.6. Rate Equations 1.7. Reaction Morphology: Specimen Examination 1.8. Summary

Chapter 2. Enabling Theory

2.1. Chemical Thermodynamics 2.2. Chemical Equilibria Between Solids and Gases 2.3. Alloys and Solid Solutions 2.4. Chemical Equilibria Between Alloys and Gases 2.5. Thermodynamics of Diffusion 2.6. Absolute Rate Theory Applied to Lattice Particle Diffusion 2.7. Diffusion in Alloys 2.8. Diffusion Couples and the Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients 2.9. Interfacial Processes and Gas Phase Mass Transfer 2.10. Mechanical Effects: Stresses in Oxide Scales Further Reading

Chapter 3. Oxidation of Pure Metals

3.1. Experimental Findings 3.2. Use of Phase Diagrams 3.3. Point Defects and Nonstoichiometry in Ionic Oxides 3.4. Lattice Species and Structural Units in Ionic Oxides 3.5. Gibbs–Duhem Equation for Defective Solid Oxides 3.6. Lattice Diffusion and Oxide Scaling: Wagner's Model 3.7. Validation of Wagner's Model 3.8. Impurity Effects on Lattice Diffusion 3.9. Microstructural Effects 3.10. Reactions Not Controlled by Solid-State Diffusion 3.11. The Value of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis

Chapter 4. Mixed Gas Corrosion of Pure Metals

4.1. Introduction 4.2. Selected Experimental Findings 4.3. Phase Diagrams and Diffusion Paths 4.4. Scale-Gas Interactions 4.5. Transport Processes in Mixed Scales 4.6. Predicting the Outcome of Mixed Gas Reactions

Chapter 5. Oxidation of Alloys I: Single Phase Scales

5.1. Introduction 5.2. Selected Experimental Results 5.3. Phase Diagrams and Diffusion Paths 5.4. Selective Oxidation of One Alloy Component 5.5. Selective Oxidation of One Alloy Component Under Nonsteady-State Conditions 5.6. Solid Solution Oxide Scales 5.7. Transient Oxidation 5.8. Microstructural Changes in Subsurface Alloy Regions 5.9. Breakdown of Steady-State Scale 5.10. Other Factors Affecting Scale Growth

Chapter 6. Alloy Oxidation II: Internal Oxidation

6.1. Introduction 6.2. Selected Experimental Results 6.3. Internal Oxidation Kinetics in the Absence of External Scaling 6.4. Experimental Verification of Diffusion Model 6.5. Surface Diffusion Effects in the Precipitation Zone 6.6. Internal Precipitates of Low Stability 6.7. Precipitate Nucleation and Growth 6.8. Cellular Precipitation Morphologies 6.9. Multiple Internal Precipitates 6.10. Solute Interactions in the Precipitation Zone 6.11. Transition from Internal to External Oxidation 6.12. Internal Oxidation Beneath a Corroding Alloy Surface 6.13. Volume Expansion in the Internal Precipitation Zone 6.14. Effects of Water Vapour on Internal Oxidation 6.15. Success of Internal Oxidation Theory

Chapter 7. Alloy Oxidation III: Multiphase Scales

7.1. Introduction 7.2. Binary Alumina Formers 7.3. Binary Chromia Formers 7.4. Ternary Alloy Oxidation 7.5. Scale Spallation 7.6. Effects of Minor Alloying Additions 7.7. Effects of Secondary Oxidants 7.8. ‘Available Space’ Model for Duplex Oxide Scale Growth 7.9. Status of Multiphase Scale Growth Theory

Chapter 8. Corrosion by Sulphur

8.1. Introduction 8.2. Sulphidation of Pure Metals 8.3. Alloying for Sulphidation Protection 8.4. Sulphidation in H2/H2S 8.5. Effects of Temperature and Sulphur Partial Pressure 8.6. The Role of Oxygen 8.7. Internal Sulphidation 8.8. Hot Corrosion 8.9. Achieving Sulphidation Resistance

Chapter 9. Corrosion by Carbon

9.1. Introduction 9.2. Gaseous Carbon Activities 9.3. Carburisation 9.4. Intenal Carburisation of Model Alloys 9.5. Internal Carburisation of Heat-Resisting Alloys 9.6. Metal Dusting of Iron and Ferritic Alloys 9.7. Dusting of Nickel and Austenitic Alloys 9.8. Protection by Oxide Scaling 9.9. Controlling Carbon Corrosion

Chapter 10. Corrosion by Carbon Dioxide

10.1. Introduction 10.2. Carbon Dioxide Corrosion Morphologies 10.3. Thermodynamics and Distribution of Reaction Products 10.4. Mechanism of Breakaway 10.5. Carbon Penetration of Oxide Scales 10.6. Effects of Other Alloy and Gas Components 10.7. Remedial Measures

Chapter 11. Effects of Water Vapour on Oxidation

11.1. Introduction 11.2. Volatile Metal Hydroxide Formation 11.3. Scale-Gas Interfacial Processes 11.4. Scale Transport Properties 11.5. Water Vapour Effects on Alumina Growth 11.6. Iron Oxide Scaling 11.7. Void Development in Growing Scales 11.8. Understanding and Controlling Water Vapour Effects

Chapter 12. Corrosion in Complex Environments

12.1. Introduction 12.2. Volatilisation by Halogens 12.3. Corrosion by Flue Gases and Solid Chlorides 12.4. Corrosion by Melts 12.5. Managing Complex Corrosion

Chapter 13. Cyclic Oxidation

13.1. Introduction 13.2. Alloy Depletion and Scale Rehealing 13.3. Spallation Models 13.4. Combination of Spalling and Depletion Models 13.5. Effects of Experimental Variables 13.6. Describing and Predicting Cyclic Oxidation

Chapter 14. Alloy Design

14.1. Introduction 14.2. Alloy Design for Resistance to Oxygen 14.3. Design Against Oxide Scale Spallation 14.4. Design for Resistance to Other Corrodents and Mixed Gases 14.5. Future Research 14.6. Fundamental Research 14.7. Conclusion

Appendix A. High Temperature Alloys Appendix B. Cation Diffusion Kinetics in Ionic Solids Appendix C. The Error Function Appendix D. Self-Diffusion Coefficients Index