Understanding and Applying Research Design by Abbott, Martin Lee -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

COVER TITLE PAGE COPYRIGHT PAGE DEDICATION PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I: WHEEL OF SCIENCE: PREMISES OF RESEARCH

1 “DUH” SCIENCE VERSUS “HUH” SCIENCE

HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? “DUH” SCIENCE “HUH SCIENCE” HOW DOES SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ACTUALLY WORK?

2 THEORIES AND HYPOTHESES

WHAT ARE THEORIES? WHAT ARE HYPOTHESES? OPERATIONALIZING VARIABLES INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

3 OBSERVATION AND EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATION

QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS QUALITATIVE DESIGNS RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATIONS CORRELATIONAL VERSUS CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS TYPES OF RESEARCH

4 ETHICS

HUMAN SUBJECTS ABUSES PROTECTION OF HUMANS IN RESEARCH PROFESSIONAL ETHICAL STANDARDS

PART II: WHEEL OF SCIENCE: PROCEDURES OF RESEARCH

5 MEASUREMENT

VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS OPERATIONALIZATION VARIATION CONSTANTS LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT UNITS OF ANALYSIS RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF MEASURES

6 USING SPSS IN RESEARCH

REAL-WORLD DATA COVERAGE OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES SPSS BASICS GENERAL FEATURES USING SPSS WITH GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY DATA

7 CHI-SQUARE AND CONTINGENCY TABLE ANALYSIS

CONTINGENCY TABLES USING CHI SQUARE TO DETERMINE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH FINDINGS USING SPSS FOR THE CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE THE CROSSTABS PROCEDURE EFFECT SIZE: CONTINGENCY COEFFICIENT EFFECT SIZE: PHI COEFFICIENT EFFECT SIZE: CRAMER’S V CREATING AND ANALYZING THE CONTINGENCY TABLE DATA DIRECTLY CONCLUDING COMMENTS

8 LEARNING FROM POPULATIONS: CENSUSES AND SAMPLES

CENSUSES SAMPLES PROBABILITY SAMPLING TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLES SAMPLING AND STATISTICS POTENTIAL BIASES IN PROBABILITY SAMPLES NONPROBABILITY “SAMPLES”

9 CORRELATION

THE NATURE OF CORRELATION: EXPLORE AND PREDICT DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT VALUES CORRELATION MEASURES INTERPRETING THE PEARSON’S CORRELATION ASSUMPTIONS FOR CORRELATION PLOTTING THE CORRELATION: THE SCATTERGRAM PATTERNS OF CORRELATIONS STRENGTH OF CORRELATIONS IN SCATTERGRAMS EVALUATING PEARSON’S r CORRELATION USING SPSS INTERPRETING r: EFFECT SIZE CORRELATION INFLUENCES CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION AN EXAMPLE OF CORRELATION USING SPSS NONPARAMETRIC CORRELATION

10 REGRESSION

UNDERSTANDING REGRESSION THROUGH CORRELATION REGRESSION MODELS USING SPSS TO UNDERSTAND REGRESSION INTERPRETING MULTIPLE REGRESSION: THE COMBINED, OMNIBUS FINDINGS INTERPRETING MULTIPLE REGRESSION: THE INDIVIDUAL PREDICTOR FINDINGS USING MLR TO ESTABLISH CAUSALITY USING MLR WITH CATEGORICAL DATA

11 CAUSATION

CRITERIA FOR CAUSATION REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND TESTING FOR SPURIOUSNESS

PART III: WHEEL OF SCIENCE: DESIGNS OF RESEARCH

12 SURVEY RESEARCH

NATURE OF THE SURVEY THREE TYPES OF SURVEYS ONLINE SURVEY METHODS ONLINE FORUMS SURVEY ITEM CONSTRUCTION RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY BIAS IN SURVEYS STUDYING CHANGE WITH SURVEYS USING TIME IN SURVEY STUDIES

13 AGGREGATE RESEARCH

NATURE OF AGGREGATE DATA

14 EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FIDELITY OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS ETHICS RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

15 STATISTICAL METHODS OF DIFFERENCE: T TEST

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES INDEPENDENT T TEST INDEPENDENT T TEST: THE PROCEDURE INDEPENDENT T TEST EXAMPLE

16 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

THE NATURE OF THE ANOVA DESIGN THE COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE THE PROCESS OF ANOVA CALCULATING ANOVA EFFECT SIZE POST HOC ANALYSES ASSUMPTIONS OF ANOVA ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH ANOVA A REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE OF ANOVA USING SPSS FOR ANOVA PROCEDURES SPSS PROCEDURES WITH ONE-WAY ANOVA SPSS ANOVA RESULTS FOR THE EXAMPLE STUDY

17 FIELD RESEARCH

SELECTING A TOPIC ENTERING THE FIELD TAKING DATA IN THE FIELD RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ETHICS

18 CONTENT ANALYSIS

DEFINING THE POPULATION CENSUS OR SAMPLE? CODING IN CONTENT ANALYSIS CODING ROLLING STONE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

PART IV: STATISTICS AND DATA MANAGEMENT

STATISTICAL PROCEDURES UNIT A: WRITING THE STATISTICAL RESEARCH SUMMARY STATISTICAL PROCEDURES UNIT B: THE NATURE OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

PROBABILITY PROBABILITY, THE NORMAL CURVE, AND P VALUES POPULATIONS (PARAMETERS) AND SAMPLES (STATISTICS) THE HYPOTHESIS TEST STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE: EFFECT SIZE

DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT A: USE AND FUNCTIONS OF SPSS

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT A: USES AND FUNCTIONS

DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT B: USING SPSS TO RECODE FOR T TEST

USING SPSS TO RECODE QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT B: USES AND FUNCTIONS

DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT C: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE PROCEDURES FOR NOMINAL AND ORDINAL DATA DESCRIPTIVE PROCEDURES FOR INTERVAL DATA OBTAINING DESCRIPTIVE (NUMERICAL) STATISTICS FROM SPSS OBTAINING DESCRIPTIVE (VISUAL) STATISTICS FROM SPSS DATA MANAGEMENT UNIT C: USES AND FUNCTIONS

STATISTICAL PROCEDURES UNIT C: Z SCORES

THE NATURE OF THE NORMAL CURVE THE STANDARD NORMAL SCORE: Z SCORE CALCULATING Z SCORES USING SPSS TO CREATE Z SCORES STATISTICAL PROCEDURES UNIT C: USES AND FUNCTIONS

GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

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