Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production, A Compendium of Operational and Engineering Aspects by Kermani, Bijan -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgement 1 Introduction

1.1 Scope and Objectives 1.2 The Impact of Corrosion 1.3 Principal Types of Corrosion in Hydrocarbon Production 1.4 The Way Ahead: Positive Corrosion 1.5 Summary References Bibliography

2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (CLASs)

2.1 Steel Products 2.2 Development of Mechanical Properties 2.3 Strengthening Mechanisms 2.4 Hardenability 2.5 Weldability 2.6 Line Pipe Steels 2.7 Well Completion Downhole Tubulars 2.8 Internally Clad Materials 2.9 Summary Reference Bibliography API/ISO Specifications ASME Standard Further Reading

3 Corrosion‐Resistant Alloys (CRAs)

3.1 Background 3.2 Alloying Elements, Microstructures, and their Significance for Corrosion Performance 3.3 Common Types/Grades of CRA Used in the Hydrocarbon Production Systems 3.4 Important Metallurgical Aspects of CRAs 3.5 Limits of Application 3.6 Selection Criteria 3.7 Future Demands and Requirements 3.8 Summary References Bibliography Specifications Further Reading

4 Water Chemistry

4.1 Sources of Water 4.2 Water Chemistry 4.3 Other Impacts on Corrosivity 4.4 Water Sampling Locations and Analysis Techniques 4.5 Influential Parameters in System Corrosivity 4.6 Summary References Bibliography Standards

5 Internal Metal Loss Corrosion Threats

5.1 CO2 Metal Loss Corrosion 5.2 Key Influential Factors 5.3 Metal Loss CO2 Corrosion Prediction 5.4 Metal Loss Corrosion in Mixed H2S/CO2 Containing Streams 5.5 Summary References Bibliography

6 Environmental Cracking (EC)

6.1 Environmental Cracking Threat in Steels 6.2 EC Associated with Hydrogen Sulphide 6.3 Current Industry Practices 6.4 ISO 15156 6.5 Summary Bibliography

7 Corrosion in Injection Systems

7.1 The Intent 7.2 Injection Systems 7.3 Water Treatment Methods 7.4 Water Corrosivity 7.5 Means of Corrosion Prediction 7.6 Materials Options 7.7 Supplementary Notes 7.8 Hydrotesting 7.9 Summary References Bibliography

8 Corrosion Mitigation by the Use of Inhibitor Chemicals

8.1 Inhibitor Characteristics 8.2 Inhibitor Testing and Application 8.3 Inhibitor Application/Deployment 8.4 Summary References

9 Coating Systems

9.1 External Pipeline Coatings 9.2 Internal Coating and Lining 9.3 External Painting of Structures 9.4 Summary References Bibliography

10 Corrosion Trending

10.1 The Purpose of Corrosion Trending 10.2 Corrosion Monitoring 10.3 Corrosion Barrier Monitoring 10.4 Collection and Analysis of Real‐Time Monitoring Data 10.5 Downhole Corrosion Monitoring 10.6 Inspection Techniques 10.7 Intelligent Pigging 10.8 Future Considerations 10.9 Summary References Bibliography Specifications

11 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)

11.1 Main Features 11.2 The Primary Causes 11.3 The Motive for Promotion of Corrosion by Micro‐organisms 11.4 Most Susceptible Locations and Conditions 11.5 Potential Prevention Measures 11.6 Means of Monitoring 11.7 Summary References Bibliography

12 Dense Phase CO2 Corrosion

12.1 Background 12.2 CO2 Stream Composition 12.3 Corrosion in the Presence of Aqueous Phases 12.4 Means of Corrosion Prediction 12.5 Method of Corrosion Mitigation 12.6 Summary References

13 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

13.1 Historical Context 13.2 Key Parameters Affecting CUI 13.3 CUI Prevention Methods 13.4 CUI Mitigation Strategy 13.5 CUI Inspection 13.6 NDE/NDT Techniques to Detect CUI 13.7 Summary References

14 Metallic Materials Optimisation Routes

14.1 Background 14.2 Production Facilities 14.3 The Operating Regimes 14.4 System Corrosivity 14.5 Oxygen Corrosion 14.6 Metallic Materials Optimisation Methodology 14.7 Materials Options 14.8 Internal Corrosion Mitigation Methods 14.9 Whole Life Cost (WLC) Analysis 14.10 Materials Optimisation Strategy 14.11 Summary References Bibliography

15 Non‐metallic Materials: Elastomer Sealsand Non‐metallic Liners

15.1 Elastomer Seals 15.2 Non‐metallic Liner Options for Corrosion Control 15.3 Flexible Pipes 15.4 Summary References Bibliography

16 Cathodic Protection (CP)

16.1 Key Points of Effectiveness 16.2 Cathodic Protection in Environmental Waters 16.3 Cathodic Protection and Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking (HAC) 16.4 Cathodic Protection of Structures in Contact with the Ground 16.5 Cathodic Protection of Well Casings 16.6 Cathodic Protection and AC Interference 16.7 Inspection and Testing 16.8 Internal Cathodic Protection Systems 16.9 Summary 16.10 Terminologies References Bibliography

17 Corrosion Risk Analysis

17.1 Risk 17.2 The Bow Tie Concept 17.3 Risk Matrix 17.4 Corrosion RBA Process 17.5 Corrosion RBA: Input 17.6 Corrosion RBA: Analysis 17.7 Corrosion RBA: Output 17.8 Corrosion RBA: Overall Process 17.9 Risky Business 17.10 Behaviours 17.11 Bayes’ Theorem 17.12 Moving Forward 17.13 Summary References

18 Corrosion and Integrity Management

18.1 Integrity Management (IM) 18.2 Corrosion Management (CM) 18.3 Data Management 18.4 The Future 18.5 Summary References Bibliography

19 Corrosion and Materials Challenges in Hydrocarbon Production

19.1 Energy Viewpoint and the Role of Technology 19.2 Future Focus Areas and Horizon 19.3 Challenges in Materials and Corrosion Technology 19.4 Shortfalls in Technology Implementation and Knowledge Partnership 19.5 Summary References Bibliography

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