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Part I MPLS Technology and Configuration
Chapter 1 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture Overview
Scalability and Flexibility of IP-based Forwarding
Network Layer Routing Paradigm
Differentiated Packet Servicing
Independent Forwarding and Control
External Routing Information Propagation
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Introduction
MPLS Architecture—The Building Blocks
Label Imposition at the Network Edge
MPLS Packet Forwarding and Label Switched Paths
Other MPLS Applications
Summary
Chapter 2 Frame-mode MPLS Operation
Frame-mode MPLS Data Plane Operation
MPLS Label Stack Header
Label Switching in Frame-mode MPLS
Label Bindings and Propagation in Frame-mode MPLS
LDP/TDP Session Establishment
Label Binding and Distribution
Convergence in a Frame-mode MPLS Network
Penultimate Hop Popping
MPLS Interaction with the Border Gateway Protocol
Summary
Chapter 3 Cell-mode MPLS Operation
Control-plane Connectivity Across an LC-ATM Interface
MPLS Control-plane Connectivity in Cisco IOS Software
Control-plane Implementation in an ATM Switch
Labeled Packet Forwarding Across an ATM-LSR Domain
Label Allocation and Distribution Across an ATM-LSR Domain
VC Merge
Convergence Across an ATM-LSR Domain
Summary
Chapter 4 Running Frame-mode MPLS Across Switched WAN Media
Frame-mode MPLS Operation Across Frame Relay
Frame-mode MPLS Operation Across ATM PVCs
Frame-mode and Cell-mode MPLS Across the Same ATM Interface
Summary
Chapter 5 Advanced MPLS Topics
Controlling the Distribution of Label Mappings
MPLS Encapsulation Across Ethernet Links
IP MTU Path Discovery
Ethernet Switches and MPLS MTU
MPLS Loop Detection and Prevention
Loop Detection and Prevention in Frame-mode MPLS
Loop Detection and Prevention in Cell-mode MPLS
Traceroute Across an MPLS-enabled Network
Route Summarization Within an MPLS-enabled Network
Summary
Chapter 6 MPLS Migration and Configuration Case Study
Migration of the Backbone to a Frame-mode MPLS Solution
Pre-migration Infrastructure Checks
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) Requirements
Addressing the Internal BGP Structure
Migration of Internal Links to MPLS
Removal of Unnecessary BGP Peering Sessions
Migration of an ATM-based Backbone to Frame-mode MPLS
Cell-mode MPLS Migration
Summary
Part II MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks
Chapter 7 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Implementation Options
Virtual Private Network Evolution
Modern Virtual Private Networks
Business Problem-based VPN Classification
Overlay and Peer-to-peer VPN Model
Overlay VPN Model
Peer-to-peer VPN Model
Typical VPN Network Topologies
Hub-and-spoke Topology
Partial- or Full-mesh Topology
Hybrid Topology
Simple Extranet Topology
Central-services Extranet
VPDN Topology
Managed Network VPN Topology
Summary
Chapter 8 MPLS/VPN Architecture Overview
Case Study: Virtual Private Networks in SuperCom Service Provider Network
VPN Routing and Forwarding Tables
Overlapping Virtual Private Networks
Route Targets
Propagation of VPN Routing Information in the Provider Network
Multiprotocol BGP in the SuperCom Network
VPN Packet Forwarding
Summary
Chapter 9 MPLS/VPN Architecture Operation
Case Study: Basic MPLS/VPN Intranet Service
Configuration of VRFs
Route Distinguishers and VPN-IPv4 Address Prefixes
Configuration of the Route Distinguisher
BGP Extended Community Attribute
Route Target BGP Extended Community
Site of Origin BGP Extended Community
BGP Extended Community Attribute Format
Basic PE to CE Link Configuration
PE to CE Link Configuration—Static Routing
PE to CE Link Configuration—RIP Version 2
Association of Interfaces to VRFs
Multiprotocol BGP Usage and Deployment
Configuration of Multiprotocol BGP
Enhanced BGP Decision Process for VPN-IPv4 Prefixes
Outbound Route Filtering (ORF) and Route Refresh Features
Automatic Route Filtering on PE-routers
Refreshing Routing Information Between PE-routers
ORF for PE-routers
MPLS/VPN Data Plane—Packet Forwarding
Summary
Chapter 10 Provider Edge (PE) to Customer Edge (CE) Connectivity Options
VPN Customer Access into the MPLS/VPN Backbone
BGP-4 Between Service Provider and Customer Networks
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Between PE- and CE-routers
Separation of VPN Customer Routing Information
Propagation of OSPF Routes Across the MPLS/VPN Backbone
BGP Extended Community Attribute for OSPF Routes
PE-to-CE Connectivity—OSPF with Site Area 0 Support
PE-to-CE Connectivity—OSPF Without Site Area 0 Support
VPN Customer Connectivity—MPLS/VPN Design Choices
Migrating Customers Using iBGP in Their Network to MPLS/VPN Service
Autonomous System Number Override
Summary
Chapter 11 Advanced MPLS/VPN Topologies
Intranet and Extranet Integration
Central Services Topology
MPLS/VPN Hub-and-spoke Topology
Deployment of the AllowAS-in Feature
Summary
Chapter 12 Advanced MPLS/VPN Topics
MPLS/VPN: Scaling the Solution
Routing Convergence Within an MPLS-enabled VPN Network
Convergence Within the Service Provider Backbone
Convergence Between VPN Sites
Advertisement of Routes Across the Backbone
BGP for VPN-IPv4 and IPv4 Routing Information
Full Mesh of MP-iBGP Between PE-routers
Separation of MP-iBGP Sessions Between PE-routers
Introduction of Route Reflector Hierarchy
Route Reflection of PE Routes to Aid Scaling
Route Reflector Partitioning
Standard Community Filtering on PE-routers
Route Target Attribute-based Filtering on Route Reflectors
Route Reflection and ORF Capability
BGP Confederations Deployment
BGP Confederations—Single IGP Environment
BGP Confederations—Multiple IGP Environment
PE-router Provisioning and Scaling
Additional Connectivity Requirements—Internet Access
Internet Connectivity Through Firewalls
Internet Access—Static Default Routing
Separate BGP Session Between PE- and CE-routers
Internet Connectivity Through Dynamic Default Routing
Dynamic Default Routing—Route Target Assignment
Association of the Global Routing Table with a VRF
Additional Lookup in the Global Routing Table
Internet Connectivity Through a Different Service Provider
Summary
Chapter 13 Guidelines for the Deployment of MPLS/VPN
Introduction to MPLS/VPN Deployment
IGP to BGP Migration of Customer Routes
Multiprotocol BGP Deployment in an MPLS/VPN Backbone
VPN Routes and Next-hop Forwarding
PE-router Loopback Address Configuration
MPLS/VPN Deployment on LAN Interfaces
Network Management of Customer Links
Advertisement of Routes with Different Extended Communities
Use of Standard BGP Communities for Route Filtering
Advertisement of Routes with Different Route Targets Using Export Maps
Use of Traceroute Across an MPLS/VPN Backbone
Summary
Chapter 14 Carrier's Carrier and Inter-provider VPN Solutions
Carrier's Carrier Solution Overview
Carrier's Carrier Architecture—Topologies
ISP with No MPLS Deployment Within POP Sites
ISP with MPLS Deployed Within POP Sites
Hierarchical Virtual Private Networks
Inter-provider VPN Solutions
Inter-provider VPN—Exchange of VPN-IPv4 Across Boundaries
Inter-provider VPN—Multi-hop eBGP Between Customer Sites
Summary
Chapter 15 IP Tunneling to MPLS/VPN Migration Case Study
Existing VPN Solution Deployment—IP Tunneling
Definition of VPNs and Routing Policies for PE-routers
Definition of VRFs Within the Backbone Network
VRF and Routing Polices for SampleNet VPN Sites
VRF and Routing Policies for SampleNet Internet Access
VRF and Routing Policies for Internet Access Customers
MPLS/VPN Migration—Staging and Execution
Migration of the SampleNet Central Site
Configuration of MP-iBGP on BGP Route Reflectors
Configuration of MP-iBGP on TransitNet PE-routers
Migration of VPN Sites onto the MPLS/VPN Solution
Summary
Appendix A Tag-Switching and MPLS Command Reference
Index
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