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Index
Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
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Content
CHAPTER 1 REVERSE OSMOSIS BASIC CONCEPTS.
1.1 Basic concepts.
1.2 Units.
CHAPTER 2 FEED WATER TYPE AND ANALYSIS.
2.1 Characteristic parameters.
CHAPTER 3 RAW WATER REQUIREMENTS.
CHAPTER 4 SEA WATER INTAKE
4.1 Open intake.
4.2 Subsurface intake. Beach well.
4.2.1 Concepts
4.2.2 Types of drilling.
4.2.3 Recommendations before drilling.
4.2.4 Soil type.
4.2.5 Well elements
4.2.6 Horizontal wells.
4.3 Horizontal directional drilling.
4.3.1 Required elements.
4.4 Natural pit.
4.5 Collector.
4.6 Intermediate deposit.
CHAPTER 5 SEA WATER DOSING SYSTEMS.
5.1 Reactives.
5.1.1 Disinfectants.
5.1.2 Potassium permanganate.
5.1.3 Reactives to adjust pH.
5.1.4 Coagulants.
5.1.5 Antiscalants.
5.1.6 Dechlorination.
5.2 Dosing points.
5.2.1 Disinfectants.
5.2.2 pH adjustment reactives.
5.2.3 Coagulants.
5.2.4 Coagulant aids.
5.2.5 Antiscalants.
5.2.6 Dechlorination.
5.3 Storage of reactives.
5.4 Reactives dosage.
CHAPTER 6 REVERSE OSMOSIS PRETREATMENT. CONVENTIONAL PRETREATMENT.
6.1 Settling.
6.1.1 Objective.
6.1.2 Clarification alternatives.
6.1.3 Common monitored and control elements in clarification and sedimentation processes.
6.2 Dissolved air flotation.
6.2.1 General characteristics.
6.2.2 Type of DAF.
6.3 Sand filtration.
6.3.1 Objective.
6.3.2 Concepts.
6.3.3 Design characteristics.
6.3.4 Type of filters.
6.3.5 Equipment used in filtration.
6.3.6 Continuous backwashing filters.
6.3.7 Automatic self cleaning filters.
6.4 Precoat Filtration.
6.4.1 Type of filter.
6.4.2 Type of cartridge.
6.4.3 Precoat.
6.5 Cartridge filtration.
6.5.1 Design basis.
6.5.2 Type of cartridge filters.
6.5.3 Type of filtration element.
6.5.4 Installation.
6.5.5 Cleaning.
6.5.6 Maintenance.
6.5.7 Pressure vessels design.
6.6 Pretreated water quality.
6.6.1 Quality control.
6.6.2 Pressure and flow control.
6.7 SWRO plants with conventional pretreatment.
CHAPTER 7 REVERSE OSMOSIS PRETREATMENT. MICROFILTRATION and ULTRAFILTRATION.
7.1 Types of UF systems.
7.1.1 Introduction.
7.1.2 Submerged membrane systems.
7.1.3 Encased membrane systems.
7.2 Membrane material properties.
7.2.1 Hydrophobicity vs. Hydrophilicity
7.2.2 Materials of construction.
7.3 Mode of operation.
7.3.1 Pretreatment
7.3.2 Cross flow vs. Dead-end filtration.
7.3.3 Inside-out vs. outside-in flow
7.3.4 Cleaning method.
7.3.5 Back wash procedure.
7.3.6 Integrity testing.
7.3.7 Control.
7.3.8 Cost of UF versus conventional pretreatment.
7.4 Performance characteristics.
7.4.1 Flux.
7.4.2 Recovery.
7.4.3 Particle rejection.
7.4.4 Factors affecting fouling and cleaning frequency.
7.5 Proprietary systems.
7.5.1 Memcor/US filter.
7.5.2 Zenon
7.5.3 Norit/X-Flow.
7.5.4 Hydranautics.
7.5.5 Dow.
7.5.6 Koch.
7.5.7 Inge.
7.6 Operational SWRO plants with (UF) or (MF) pretreatment.
CHAPTER 8 MATERIALS.
8.1 Plastic.
8.2 Metallics.
8.2.1 Most used stainless steels.
CHAPTER 9 REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES.
9.1 Type of membranes used in reverse osmosis.
9.2 Reverse osmosis basic concepts.
9.2.1 Osmotic pressure.
9.2.2 Net driving pressure (NDP).
9.2.3 Water transport
9.2.4 Salt transport.
9.2.5 Salt passage (SP).
9.2.6 Permeate recovery rate and Conversion®.
9.2.7 Salt rejection (SR)
9.2.8 Concentration factor (CF).
9.2.9 Concentration salinity.
9.2.10 Concentration polarization (CF).
9.2.11 Permeability coefficient.
9.2.12 Permeate flux rate.
9.2.13 Fouling factor.
9.3 Type of membranes manufactured.
9.4 Membranes characteristics.
9.4.1 Membrane specifications.
9.5 Steps to design a membrane system.
9.5.1 Parameters which affect the efficiency of a membrane.
9.5.2 Use of computer programs for projection of membrane performance.
9.6 Type of membrane. Manufacturers.
9.6.1 Hydranautics.
9.6.2 Dow-filmtec.
9.6.3 Toray.
9.7 Membranes installation.
9.8 Flow configuration
9.8.1 Single-stage
9.8.2 Two stages in the same vessel.
9.8.3 Two stages with blind interconnector .
9.8.4 Two stage RO unit with different pressure vessels.
9.8.5 Two pass RO unit with different pressure vessels
9.8.6 Split partial second pass RO design concept (SPSP)
9.8.7 Hybrid-membrane inter stage design.
9.9 Membranes of 16”.
9.10 Vertical installation.
9.11 Membrane configurations of SWRO now operational.
CHAPTER 10 PRESSURE VESSELS AND RACKS.
10.1 Pressure Vessels.
10.1.1 Characteristics.
10.2 Type of vessels and racks configuration.
10.3 Vessels of 7 or 8 membranes.
10.4 Vessels installation.
10.5 Racks size
10.6 Materials of construction.
CHAPTER 11 REVERSE OSMOSIS PUMPS.
11.1 Type of pumps.
11.2 High pressure pumps.
11.2.1 Multistage axially split casing pumps.
11.2.2 Ring section high pressure pumps.
11.2.3 Main pumps manufacturers.
11.2.4 Differences between multistage axially split case and ring section pumps.
11.3 Materials.
11.4 Pumps sizing.
11.4.1 Flow.
11.4.2 Specific speed.
11.4.3 Suction pressure.
11.4.4 Differential pressure.
11.4.5 Efficiency.
11.4.6 Salinity.
11.4.7 Temperature.
11.4.8 Velocity.
11.4.9 NPSH.
11.4.10 Accessories.
11.4.11 Tolerances.
11.4.12 High pressure pump design. Optimum design combined with low pressure piping.
11.5 Required instrumentation.
11.6 Foundations.
11.7 Motors.
11.8 Speed converters.
11.9 Configuration. Pressure center design.
CHAPTER 12 RECOVERY SYSTEMS.
12.1 Pelton turbine.
12.1.1 Recovered power (Prt)
12.1.2 Typical plant example.
12.1.3 Motor power.
12.1.4 Restrictions
12.1.5 Turbine wheel.
12.1.6 Type of arrangements and installations.
12.1.7 Turbine manufacturers.
12.1.8 Size of turbines manufactured
12.1.9 Materials.
12.1.10 Sizing.
12.1.11 Cavitation velocity variation,
12.1.12 Instrumentation to be installed in a turbine.
12.1.13 Type of diagrams turbo-pumps and rack.
12.2 Isobaric chambers.
12.2.1 Type of isobaric chambers.
12.2.2 Systems descriptions.
12.2.3 Definitions.
12.2.4 Energy consumption.
12.2.5 DWEER.
12.2.6 PX.
12.2.7 Retrofitting of existing SWRO .
12.2.8 Turbo Charger/Hydraulic Pressure Booster (HPB).
12.2.9 SalTec® N System.
CHAPTER 13 REVERSE OSMOSIS RACKS CONTROL.
13.1 Single Stage/One rack.
13.1.1 Alternative I.
13.1.2 Alternative II.
13.1.3 Alternative III.
13.1.4 Alternative IV.
13.2 Rack with turbine.
13.3 Two (2) Stages and two (2) passes to increase recovery.
13.4 Two stages in the same rack.
13.5 Double pass with two racks to improve water quality.
CHAPTER 14 REVERSE OSMOSIS RACKS EQUIPMENT.
14.1 High pressure piping.
14.2 Accessories.
14.3 High pressure valves.
14.3.1 Plug valves.
14.3.2 Check valves.
14.3.3 Butterfly valves.
14.3.4 Others.
14.4 Low pressure valves.
14.5 Low pressure piping.
14.6 Sample panel.
14.7 Instrumentation
CHAPTER 15 RACKS CLEANING SYSTEM and FLUSHING.
15.1 Products used for cleaning.
15.2 Membranes cleaning procedure.
15.3 Equipment sizing.
15.4 Flushing.
15.5 Service water deposit.
CHAPTER 16 TREATED WATER CONDITIONING.
16.1 SAR control.
16.2 Boron Removal.
16.2.1 Design considerations.
16.3 Treated water remineralisation.
16.3.1 Remineralization with calcium hydroxide (Lime) and CO2
16.3.2 Saturated lime solution preparation.
16.3.3 Lime slurry (lime milk) preparation.
16.3.4 Carbon dioxide storage.
16.3.5 Limestone remineralization.
16.4 Treated water disinfection.
16.4.1 Sodium hypochlorite.
16.4.2 Calcium hypcloride.
16.4.3 Chloramines.
16.5 Other products used to condition the water.
CHAPTER 17 TREATED WATER DEPOSIT AND PUMPING.
17.1 Centrifugal pumps and valves.
17.2 Piping
17.3 Instrumentation.
17.4 Antiwater hammer deposit.
CHAPTER 18 NEUTRALIZATION, EFFLUENTS TREATMENT AND BRINE DISCHARGE
18.1 Neutralization without suspended solids treatment.
18.2 Neutralization with suspended solids treatment.
18.2.1 Filters back washing treatment.
18.2.2 Membranes and cartridge filters washing.
18.3 Brine discharge.
CHAPTER 19 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
19.1 Electrical distribution.
19.1.1 Connection to the utility network.
19.1.2 Electrical architecture.
19.2 Electrical power requirements.
19.3 Transformation centers.
19.4 Medium voltage switchgears.
19.5 Motors.
19.5.1 Medium Voltage motors.
19.5.2 Low voltage motors.
19.6 Motor Control center.
19.6.1 Medium voltage.
19.6.2 Low voltage.
19.7 Variable frequency drives.
CHAPTER 20 CONTROL SYSTEMS.
20.1 Type of control systems.
20.1.1 Overview of DCS or PLC systems.
20.1.2 Control systems operation.
20.1.3 Distributed control systems
20.1.4 Programmable logic controllers.
20.1.5 Differences between DCS and PLCS.
20.2 Control system equipment.
20.3 Communication instruments and cards.
20.4 Control systems suppliers.
CHAPTER 21 VARIOUS EQUIPMENT.
21.1 Control valves.
21.2 Butterfly valves.
21.3 Rotary motion control valves.
21.4 Agitators.
21.5 Compressors
21.6 Water pressure group.
21.7 Static mixer.
21.8 Centrifugal pumps.
21.9 Supports and piping.
21.10 Verification unit.
CHAPTER 22 COST EVALUATION OF DESALINATION PLANTS.
22.1 CAPEX.
22.2 OPEX.
22.2.1 Staff.
22.2.2 Fixed maintenance costs.
22.2.3 Miscellaneous.
22.2.4 Power connection.
22.2.5 Energy.
22.2.6 Reagant cost.
22.2.7 Membranes and cartridge filters replacement.
22.2.8 Environmental and performance monitoring.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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