Routledge Companion to Ancient Philosophy by Sheffield, Frisbee -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Abbreviations of Principal Authors and Works Notes on Contributors Introduction Part I: Before Plato

1. The World of Early Greek Philosophy

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2. The Early Ionian Philosophers

Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Xenophanes Heraclitus The Ionian project Related chapters

3. Parmenides, Zeno, and Melissus

Parmenides I: the argument structure Parmenides II: ways of enquiry Parmenides III: the nature of reality Zeno I: the purpose of his arguments Zeno II: arguments about plurality Zeno III: arguments about motion Melissus Related chapters

4. Anaxagoras and Empedocles in the Shadow of Elea

Parmenides Anaxagoras Empedocles Related chapters

5. Leucippus and Democritus

The foundations of atomism Atomistic explanations Mathematics Knowledge and reality Ethics Related chapters

6. Pythagoreans and the Derveni Papyrus

The “Pythagorean Question” Early evidence about Pythagoras Early Pythagorean philosophers: who are they? Hippasus, Philolaus, Eurytus, Archytas The Derveni papyrus Related chapters

7. The Sophists

What is a “Sophist”? Teaching and thought Challenge to philosophy Related chapters

8. Socrates: Sources and Interpretations

Introduction Aristophanes’ Clouds Plato’s Dialogues Xenophon’s Socratic works Aristotle Conclusion Related chapters

Part II: Plato

9. Reading Plato

The discussion of writing in the Phaedrus Socrates and the dialogue form Insincerity Author and arguments Context Related chapters

10. Plato on Philosophical Method: Enquiry and Definition

I II III IV V VI VII VIII Related chapters

11. Plato’s Epistemology

Introduction Knowledge as a capacity and a field Concluding consideration Related chapters

12. Plato: Moral Psychology

Moral psychology and ethics Virtue, happiness and Socrates’ question Socratic moral psychology Platonic moral psychology Related chapters

13. Plato on Virtue and the Good Life

Desire, Eudaimonia, and the Highest Good Virtue and knowledge Virtue and the condition of the soul Elitism and the scope of virtue Reason, order and cosmos in the late dialogues Eudaimonism and concern for others Related chapters

14. Plato: Philosopher-Rulers

1 Introduction: Why philosopher-rulers? 2 Searching for political expertise 3 Specifying the content and product of political expertise 4 Philosopher-rulers after the Republic? Related chapters

15. Plato’s Metaphysics

Forms Forms and Souls Related chapters

16. Plato’s Cosmology

Introduction Plato’s cosmology in the Timaeus The Timaeus: literal or mythical? Timaeus’s “likely story” Argument and explanation Perfection and imperfection Related chapters

17. Plato’s Poetics

Ion and Phaedrus Republic 2: poetic beauty and truth Republic 3: the apparent speaker of beautiful poetry Poetic habituation Poetic pleasure Republic 10 Related chapters

Part III: Aristotle

18. Reading Aristotle

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19. Aristotle: Logic

Syllogistic Dialectic Related chapters Acknowledgement

20. Understanding, Knowledge, and Inquiry in Aristotle

1. Aristotle’s explication of understanding in Posterior Analytics 1.2–6 2. Scientific propositions 3. How to grasp principles? 4. Understanding the natural world Related chapters

21. Aristotle: Psychology

1 General account of the soul–body relation 2 Perception 3 Phantasia and thought 4 Aristotle and the mind–body problem: is Aristotle’s view “credible”? Related chapters

22. Aristotle’s Philosophy of Nature

Introduction Aristotle’s natural philosophy in outline The structure of Aristotle’s philosophy of nature Celestial and sublunary physics The reception of Aristotle’s philosophy of nature in antiquity Related chapters

23. First Philosophy First: Aristotle and the Practice of Metaphysics

I Aristotle’s Metaphysics and the Study of Metaphysics II The questions of first philosophy III First questions first: Socrates and Socrates-seated IV Being qua being: some problems about Aristotle’s science V Conclusions Related chapters

24. Aristotle on the Good Life

1 The main theme: what is eudaimonia? 2 Subsidiary topics 3 The intended audience 4 The human function and the basis of Aristotle’s theory 5 The doctrine of the mean and the value of the emotions 6 The role of external goods 7 The intellectual virtues 8 Practical and contemplative conceptions of eudaimonia Related chapters

25. Aristotle on the Political Life

1 Political power as an external good 2 A typology of social lives in the Politics 3 Happiness and forms of social lives 4 Happiness as the end of city-states 5 Comparing city-states with households and villages 6 The paradox of the absolute kingship Related chapters

26. Aristotle’s Aesthetics

Story, happiness, and action Tragedy and the mega-virtues The universal and the exemplary Friendship and mimetic cognition Related chapters

Part IV: Hellenistic Philosophy

27. Hellenistic Philosophy: Places, Institutions, Character

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28. Cynics

What was a cynic? The evidence Who were the Cynics? The Cynic’s way of life Thinking Cynicism through The extended appeal of Cynicism Related chapters

29. The Cyrenaics

The school The pathē Epistemology Hedonism Related chapters

30. The Stoic System: Ethics and Nature

Ethical doctrines Ethics with physics Related chapters

31. The Stoic System: Logic and Knowledge

Introduction The Stoic theory of knowledge The Stoic logical system Related chapters

32. Epicurus’ Garden: Physics and Epistemology

Introduction Sources Atoms and void Cosmology Biology Psychology Sensation and knowledge Freedom The gods The aftermath Related chapters

33. Epicurus’ Garden: Ethics and Politics

The problem of virtue The pragmatic solution The etiological argument Society and friendship Related chapters

34. The Hellenistic Academy

Reading Plato A Socratic attitude to belief Pyrrho, Epicurus, and the Stoics: criteria of truth Arcesilaus Carneades Related chapters

35. Early Pyrrhonism: Pyrrho to Aenesidemus

Pyrrho and Timon Aenesidemus Conclusion Related chapters

36. The Peripatetics after Aristotle

Language and logic The study of nature and its foundations Ethics and politics: urban life in the Hellenistic era Intellectual context Epilogue Related chapters

37. Philosophy Comes to Rome

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Part V: Philosophy in the Empire and Beyond

38. Roman Stoicism

The main figures Ontology Physics Logical theory Ethics Final remarks Related chapters

39. Middle Platonism

Metaphysics and Cosmology Epistemology Ethics, psychology, and politics Conclusion Related chapters

40. Galen

A Guide to reading Galen Related chapters

41. Sextus Empiricus

Introduction 1 Arguments and appearances 2. Appearances and action 3. Action and tranquility Related chapters

42. Plotinus

Introduction Life and works First principles Matter, evil, and sensible reality Aesthetics Ethics Related chapters

43. Porphyry and Iamblichus

Introduction Porphyry Iamblichus Related chapters

44. Syrianus, Proclus, and Damascius

An argument from scratch The Parmenides as interpreted by Proclus and Syrianus Damascius and the ineffable Related chapters

45. The Ancient Commentators on Aristotle

I: A historical overview of the commentators II: A case study in the metaphysics of celestial light and heat Related chapters

46. Ancient Philosophy in Christian Sources

Second century Clement of Alexandria (c. 155–c. 220) Hippolytus of Rome (c. 160–c. 235) Tertullian of Carthage (c. 160–c. 220) Origen of Alexandria (c. 185–c.254) Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260–339) Aftermath

47. The Arabic Reception of Greek Philosophy

The Presocratics as the founders of Greek philosophy Socrates Plato and Galen Aristotle Hellenistic philosophy Neoplatonism and the commentators

Index

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