[Seri ILDEP 35] • Course in General Linguistics by Harris, Roy, de Saussure, Ferdinand -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover-Page Half-Title Title Contents Introduction to the Bloomsbury Revelations Edition Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Introduction Introduction

1 A brief survey of the history of linguistics 2 Data and aims of linguistics: Connexions with related sciences 3 The object of study

1 On defining a language 2 Linguistic structure: Its place among the facts of language 3 Languages and their place in human affairs. Semiology

4 Linguistics of language structure and linguistics of speech 5 Internal and external elements of a language 6 Representation of a language by writing

1 Why it is necessary to study this topic 2 The prestige of writing: Reasons for its ascendancy over the spoken word 3 Systems of writing 4 Causes of inconsistency between spelling and pronunciation 5 Consequences of this inconsistency

7 Physiological phonetics

1 Definition of the subject 2 Transcription 3 Writing as evidence

Appendix Principles of Physiological Phonetics 1 Sound types

1 On defining speech sounds 2 The vocal apparatus and how it works 3 Classification of sounds by oral articulation

2 Sounds in spoken sequences

1 Necessity of studying sounds in spoken sequences 2 Adduction and abduction 3 Combinations of adduction and abduction in the spoken sequence 4 Syllabic boundaries and vocalic peaks 5 Criticism of theories of syllabification 6 Duration of adduction and abduction 7 Sounds of aperture 4. Diphthongs. Questions of spelling Editorial note

Part One General Principles

1 Nature of the linguistic sign

1 Sign, signification, signal 2 First principle: The sign is arbitrary 3 Second principle: Linear character of the signal

2 Invariability and variability of the sign

1 Invariability 2 Variability

3 Static linguistics and evolutionary linguistics

1 Internal duality of all sciences concerned with values 2 Internal duality and the history of linguistics 3 Examples of internal duality 4 Difference between the two orders illustrated by comparisons 5 Synchronic and diachronic linguistics: Their methods and principles contrasted 6 Synchronic laws and diachronic laws 7 Is there a panchronic point of view? 8 Consequences of the confusion of synchrony with diachrony 9 Conclusions

Part Two Synchronic Linguistics

1 General observations 2 Concrete entities of a language

1 Entities and units. Definitions 2 Methods of delimitation 3 Practical difficulties of delimitation 4 Conclusion

3 Identities, realities, values 4 Linguistic value

1 The language as thought organised in sound 2 Linguistic value: Conceptual aspects 3 Linguistic value: Material aspects 4 The sign as a whole

5 Syntagmatic relations and associative relations

1 Definitions 2 Syntagmatic relations 3 Associative relations

6 The language mechanism

1 Syntagmatic interdependences 2 Simultaneous functioning of both types of group 3 Absolute arbitrariness and relative arbitrariness

7 Grammar and its subdivisions

1 Definitions. Traditional divisions 2 Rational divisions

8 Abstract entities in grammar

Part Three Diachronic Linguistics

1 General observations 2 Sound changes

1 Their absolute regularity 2 Conditioning of sound changes 3 Methodological considerations 4 Causes of sound change 5 The scope of sound change is unpredictable

3 Grammatical consequences of phonetic evolution

1 Breaking grammatical links 2 Obliteration of word-composition 3 There are no phonetic doublets 4 Alternation 5 Laws of alternation 6 Alternation and grammatical link

4 Analogy

1 Definition and examples 2 Analogies are not changes 3 Analogy as the creative principle in languages

5 Analogy and evolution

1 How an analogical innovation enters the language 2 Analogical innovations as symptoms of changes in interpretation 3 Analogy as a principle of renovation and conservation

6 Popular etymology 7 Agglutination

1 Definition 2 Agglutination and analogy

8 Diachronic units, identities and realities Appendices

A Subjective and objective analysis B Subjective analysis and determination of units smaller than the word C Etymology

Part Four Geographical Linguistics

1 On the diversity of languages 2 Geographical diversity: Its complexity

1 Coexistence of several languages in the same place 2 Literary language and local dialect

3 Causes of geographical diversity

1 Time, the essential cause 2 Linguistic areas affected by time 3 Dialects have no natural boundaries 4 Languages have no natural boundaries

4 Propagation of linguistic waves

1 Force of intercourse and parochialism 2 A single principle underlying both forces 3 Linguistic differentiation in separate areas

Part Five Questions Of RetrospectiveLinguistics Conclusion

1 The two perspectives of diachronic linguistics 2 Earliest languages and prototypes 3 Reconstructions

1 Their nature and purpose 2 Degree of certainty of reconstructions

4 Linguistic evidence in anthropology and prehistory

1 Languages and races 2 Ethnicity 3 Linguistic paleontology 4 Linguistic types and group mentality

5 Language families and linguistic types

Index Copyright

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