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Index
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. An Open Pond System for Microalgal Cultivation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biotechnology and Microalgae
1.3 Open Pond Systems
1.4 Main Microalgae Cultivated in Open Pond Systems
1.5 Reactor Design
1.6 Light Regime
1.7 Hydrodynamics of the Reactor
1.8 Fixation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
1.9 Temperature
1.10 pH
1.11 Sterility of Cultivation
1.12 Biomass Harvest
1.13 Drying of Biomass
1.14 Other Microalgal Culture Systems
1.15 Applications of Biomass
1.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. Design of Photobioreactors for Algal Cultivation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Factors Affecting Microalgae Growth and Biofuels Production
2.3 Photobioreactor Design Principles
2.4 Microalgae Cultivation in Closed and Open PBRs for Biofuel Production
2.5 Commercial Microalgae Cultivation Systems for Biofuel Production
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Metabolic Engineering and Molecular Biotechnology of Microalgae for Fuel Production
Acknowledgment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biodiesel
3.3 Biohydrogen
3.4 Other Strategies
3.5 Challenges and Perspectives
References
Chapter 4. Respirometric Balance and Carbon Fixation of Industrially Important Algae
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Microalgae
4.3 Practical Aspects of Mass Cultivation for CO2 Fixation
4.4 Carbon Market for Microalgal Technologies
References
Chapter 5. Algal Biomass Harvesting
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stability and Separability of Microalgae
5.3 Methods of Algae Harvesting
5.4 Challenges and Prospects
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Heterotrophic Production of Algal Oils
Acknowledgments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Heterotrophy of Microalgae
6.3 Potential of Heterotrophic Algal Oils
6.4 Factors Affecting Heterotrophic Production of Algal Oils
6.5 High Cell Density of Heterotrophic Algae
6.6 Chlorella as the Cell Factory for Heterotrophic Oils
6.7 Possible Improvements of Economics in Heterotrophic Algal Oils
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7. Production of Biofuels from Algal Biomass by Fast Pyrolysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fast Pyrolysis
7.3 Yields and Characteristics of Pyrolysis of Algal Biomass
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8. Algae Oils as Fuels
Acknowledgments
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cellular Biochemistry Toward Lipid Synthesis
8.3 Nutritional Mode of Microalgae
8.4 Substrates for Microalgae Growth and Lipid Production
8.5 Microalgae Cultivation
8.6 Preparation of Algal Fuel/Biodiesel
8.7 Transesterification
8.8 Algal Fuel Properties
8.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9. Production of Biohydrogen from Microalgae
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pathways of Hydrogen Production
9.3 Bioreactor Design and Operation
9.4 Economic Evaluation
9.5 Prospects and Challenges
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10. Applications of Spent Biomass
Acknowledgments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Spent Biomass for Biofuel Production
10.3 Spent Biomass for Fine Chemical Production
10.4 Bioremediation
10.5 Feed
10.6 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 11. Hydrothermal Upgradation of Algae into Value-added Hydrocarbons
Acknowledgments
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Algal Biomass
11.3 Macroalgae
11.4 Thermochemical Conversion
11.5 Hydrothermal Upgradation
11.6 Hydrothermal Processes for Upgradation of Algae
11.7 Opportunities and Challenges
References
Chapter 12. Scale-Up and Commercialization of Algal Cultivation and Biofuel Production
Acknowledgment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Life-Cycle Energy Balance of Algal Biofuels
12.3 Potential Biofuel Production from Algae
12.4 Techno-Economic Evaluation of Algal Biofuels
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Life-Cycle Assessment of Microalgal-Based Biofuels
Acknowledgments
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Assessed Functions, Associated Functional Units, and Perimeters of Microalgae Production LCAs
13.3 Modeling the Inventory Data
13.4 Microalgal Biomass Transformation into Energy
13.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
13.6 Discussion and Guidelines
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Economics of Microalgae Biomass Production
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology for Cost Analysis of Microalgae Production
14.3 Case Study
References
Index
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