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Index
Contents
Figures
Preface
Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I
A brief history of reason
Overview of Part I: A brief history of reason
1 Ancient and medieval ways of knowing the divine
1 Introduction
2 Before Plato
2.1 From much knowing to true knowledge
2.2 The Presocratic philosophers
2.3 Pythagoreanism
3 Plato
4 Neoplatonism
5 Augustine
6 Aristotle
7 Thomas Aquinas
7.1 Aristotelian threats
7.2 Aristotle’s gifts
8 Retrospect and prospect
2 Modern epistemology and the possibility of theology
1 Introduction
2 Before modernity
3 René Descartes
4 After Descartes
4.1 Modern inwardness and individualism
4.2 Foundationalism
4.3 The new probable knowledge
4.4 John Locke
4.5 David Hume
5 Reasoning in modern theology
5.1 Thomas Reid and scriptural foundationalism
5.2 Inside-out epistemology and liberal theology
5.3 Distinct types of theology
6 Retrospect and prospect
3 Faith in late modern reasoning
1 Introduction
2 The shape of current philosophy of religion
2.1 Evidentialism
2.2 Reformed epistemology
2.3 “Wittgensteinian fideism”
2.4 Excursus: Escaping the Cartesian theater
3 Foundationalism in the twentieth century
3.1 Logical Positivism
3.2 Construction problems
3.3 The Neopositivist movement
4 The development of post-foundationalist epistemologies
4.1 W. V. O. Quine’s new metaphor
4.2 Thomas Kuhn’s revolutions
4.3 Imre Lakatos and scientific rationality
4.4 Foundationalism’s failure
4.5 Theological uses of holist epistemology
5 Retrospect and prospect
4 Faith and reason for the twenty-first century
1 Introduction
2 Alasdair MacIntyre as philosopher of science
3 The nature of large-scale traditions of enquiry
3.1 The origins and development of traditions
3.2 Justification and truth
3.3 Testing the truth of Christianity
4 MacIntyre as philosopher of religion
5 Arguments for the existence of God
5.1 Anselm’s ontological argument
5.2 Cosmological arguments
5.3 Design arguments
6 Retrospect and prospect
Part II
Crises in modern Christianity
Overview of Part II: Crises in modern Christianity
5 Three epistemological crises for Christianity in modernity
1 Introduction
2 Three hundred years of epistemological problems
2.1 The foundationalist challenge
2.2 Holism to the rescue
3 Biblical criticism as an epistemological crisis
3.1 Crisis created
3.2 Crisis resolved?
4 The modern challenge of religious pluralism
4.1 Religious plurality becomes an epistemological crisis
4.2 Early theological responses to religious plurality
4.3 Recent developments in philosophy of the religions
4.4 The way forward?
5 Retrospect and prospect
6 The problem of special divine action
1 Introduction
2 The demise of the Thomist option
3 Physico-theology and providential deism
3.1 Varying strategies among physico-theologians
3.2 Robert Boyle and providential deism
3.2.1 The Neoplatonic–spiritualist option
3.2.2 Physico-theology and the legal–mechanical option
4 Deism
5 The revolution: From providential deism to immanentism
6 Mid-twentieth-century crises for immanentist theologies?
6.1 Immanentism and the authority of Scripture
6.2 The coherence of theology with the modern causal order
6.3 Evacuation of the content of liberal theology
7 Two recent options for non-interventionist special divine action
7.1 The Order Project
7.2 The Divine Action Project
8 Retrospect and prospect
7 Modern problems of evil and suffering
1 Introduction
1.1 Varying interpretations of the problem
1.2 Responses
1.3 Overview of this chapter
2 Augustine: The fountainhead
2.1 Augustine’s inherited worldview
2.2 The depth of the Fall
2.3 Criticisms
3 From theological puzzle to modern epistemological crisis
3.1 David Hume
3.2 Leibniz and Voltaire
3.3 Worldview changes
4 Recent approaches to the problem of evil
4.1 Plantinga and the logical problem
4.2 Hick and the vale of soul-making
4.3 A constitutive good–harm analysis
4.4 Social evil: The principalities and powers
4.5 Criticisms: Anthropocentrism and the possible evils of theodicy
5 Contemporary movements
5.1 Evil as a necessary by-product of God’s benevolent purposes
5.2 Theological responses and eschatological hope
6 Retrospect and prospect
8 Science and Christianity
1 Introduction
2 Christianity and the warfare myth
2.1 History of the myth
2.2 This text: Lessons from philosophy
2.2.1 Anachronistic projections
2.2.2 Science and genuine crises
3 The Galileo affair
4 Darwin’s ambiguous contribution to providential deism
5 Positive relations between science and Christian theology
5.1 Creation in time
5.2 Creation out of nothing, contingency, and finitude
5.3 The goodness of creation and the problem of evil
5.4 Continuing creation and the laws of nature
5.5 Hierarchy, teleology, and the place of humankind in creation
5.6 Overview
6 Retrospect and prospect
9 Christian anthropology, philosophy, and science
1 Introduction
2 A patchy history of Christian views of human nature
2.1 The intriguing tale of human nature in the Bible
2.1.1 The Bible on monism, dualism, or . . .?
2.1.2 Biblical views of the afterlife
2.1.3 So that what is mortal may be swallowed up in hope408
2.2 Human nature in the tradition
2.2.1 Ancient and medieval positions
2.2.2 Reformation reconfigurations
2.2.3 Modern and contemporary developments
3 Neuroscience and human nature
3.1 Varied human capacities attributed to Thomas’s soul
3.1.1 The vegetative soul and biology’s verdict
3.1.2 The sensitive soul and subservient neural processes
3.1.3 The rational soul, still mysterious
3.2 Brain failure and human impairment
4 Philosophical issues
4.1 A sketch of modern and contemporary philosophy of mind
4.2 Contemporary problems with Christian physicalism
4.2.1 Epistemological evaluation
4.2.2 Pre- and post-resurrection identity
4.2.3 Reductionism: The deal breaker
5 Retrospect and prospect
10 Naturalism and Christianity as competing large-scale traditions
1 Introduction
1.1 Complications in defining naturalism
1.2 The roots and branches of the Naturalist Tradition
1.3 Overview of the chapter
2 The rise of atheism in the modern West
2.1 Reformation and Renaissance roots
2.2 Hume and the atheism that dare not speak its name
2.3 From atheistic arguments to a full-blown Naturalist Tradition
3 Naturalism qua tradition
3.1 Ultimate Realities
3.2 Naturalisms’ teloi
3.3 Modern Naturalist morality and methods
3.4 Social embodiment
3.5 Authorities?
3.6 A brief postscript
4 Traditions and their crises
4.1 Christianity’s crises
4.2 A Naturalist reading of Christian crises
4.3 Naturalist crises
4.3.1 Self-referential incoherence
4.3.2 Explaining the persistence of religion
4.3.3 Loss of the moral “ought”
5 Two Traditions and their gifts to one another
5.1 The self-referential coherence of MacIntyrean methodology
5.2 Ethics in the hierarchy of the sciences
5.3 Gift exchanges
5.3.1 A scientific methodology based on science
5.3.2 Ethics in relation to science
5.3.3 Theology and/or the cognitive science of religion
5.3.4 A few brief remarks on Christian crises
5.4 Christianity’s and Naturalism’s relations to science
5.4.1 Scientific Naturalism as experiential-expressivism?
5.4.2 One Christian scientist’s analysis of the relations
5.5 Christianity, evil, and the Genealogical Tradition
6 Retrospect
Conclusion
Further reading
General
Philosophers and philosophical topics
Histories of philosophy
Theological references
Philosophy of religion texts
References arranged by chapters
1 Ancient and medieval ways of knowing the divine
2 Modern epistemology and the possibility of theology
3 Faith in late modern reasoning
4 Faith and reason for the twenty-first century
5 Three epistemological crises for Christianity in modernity
Biblical criticism
Religious pluralism
6 The problem of special divine action
7 Modern problems of evil and suffering
8 Science and Christianity
9 Christian anthropology, philosophy, and science
10 Naturalism and Christianity as competing large-scale traditions
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