The Grafter’s Handbook by Garner, R.J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Dedication Title Page Copyright Contents Forewords

FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION by Sir Ronald G. Hatton, C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., V.M.H. FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION by Sir Ronald G. Hatton, C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., V.M.H. FOREWORD TO THE FOURTH EDITION by Professor A. F. Posnette, C.B.E., Sc.D. (Camb.), Ph.D. (London), A.I.C.T.A., F.I. BioI., F.R.S. FOREWORD TO THE SIXTH EDITION by Peter Seabrook M.B.E., V.M.H

Author’s Notes

NOTE ON THE FIRST EDITION NOTE ON THE SECOND EDITION NOTE ON THE THIRD EDITION NOTE ON THE FOURTH EDITION NOTE ON THE FIFTH EDITION NOTE ON THE SIXTH EDITION

Glossary Reasons for Grafting The Plant as seen by the Grafter I Grafting in Nature and Antiquity II Compatibility and Cambial Contact

COMPATIBILITY

Compatibility in relation to age Delayed symptoms of incompatibility Possible causes of incompatibility

CAMBIAL CONTACT

Tissue changes induced by grafting Pressure within and without

III Rootstocks and their Propagation

ROOTSTOCKS FROM SEED

Sources of seed Collecting the seed Storing Stratification: Apple (Malus domestica); Plum (Prunus species); Rose (Rosa canina, R. dumetorum, and other species) Stratification in situ Sowing Transplanting

VEGETATIVE ROOTSTOCK PROPAGATION Rootstocks from Cuttings

The use of hormone substances: the concentrated dip method; the dust method Shoot cuttings Hardwood cuttings: warm storage treatment Softwood cuttings: mist propagation; cuttings in cold frames; cuttings under double protection Leaf-bud cuttings Root cuttings

Rootstocks from Layers

Stooling Layering-etiolation method Marcotting

Grading Rootstocks Length of Time between Planting and Working

IV The Collection and Treatment of Scion-wood

Trueness to Name Virus Diseases Labelling Herbaceous and Leafy Scions Scions for Bud-grafting (Budding)

Unpetioled bud-wood Pre-girdled scions Dormant bud-wood

Scions for Dormant Grafting Disinfection of Scion-wood

Storage of Prepared Scions

V Tools and Accessories

Knives

The general grafting knife The budding knife The two-edged (Mexican) knife The surgical knife The double-bladed knife The pruning or trimming knife Sharpening the knife

Cleaving Tools and Mallets The Combined Grafter The Inlaying Chisel Grafting Devices and Machines Secateurs Saws Disinfection of Tools Graft Seals and Wound Dressings

Hot grafting-waxes Cold brush waxes Rubber latex Hand mastics Bitumen emulsions Paraffin wax Petroleum jelly Waxed cloth and adhesive tape

Wax Heaters Wax Brushes Tying Materials or Ligatures

Raffia Rubber budding strips Plastic strips Rubber sheet for herbaceous material Rubber patches Waxed cotton or twine Various fibres

Other Fastenings and Wrappings

Nails Graft clips and metal strips Metal foil wraps Bags, sleeves, and covers Splints Shoot guides

VI Methods of Grafting

Rind Grafts and Cleft Grafts

Autumn grafting outdoors

THE MAIN DIVISIONS OF GRAFTING 1. Approach Grafting a. True Approach Grafting [Spliced approach graft; Tongued approach graft; Inlay approach graft; Rind approach graft; Bottle grafting; Applied graft] b. Inarching [Cleft inarching; Rind inarching] c. Bridging 2. Detached Scion Grafting a. Bud Grafting [Shield budding: modifications of shield budding, the inverted T incision, slanting incisions, inclined incisions, incisions in the form of a cross, use of dormant buds (‘June’ budding); Double shield budding; Patch budding; Flute budding; Ring budding (annular budding); Tubular budding; Forkert budding (brown budding): modified Forkert budding, green strip budding; ‘Tailor’s goose’ budding; ‘Window’ budding; Chip budding (plate budding): chip budding in the cotyledon stage, modified chip budding, inlay chip budding; Prong budding; Aftercare of bud grafts] b. Inlay and Veneer Grafting [Inlay graft; Kerf graft; Split budding; Veneer graft; Veneering with green shoots (inlay chip budding); Plug graft; Veneering with rind only] c. Apical Grafting [Splice graft (whip graft); Whip-and-tongue graft: whip-and-tongue graft with two scions; Double tongue graft (big tongue graft); Split-scion graft; Tailed-scion graft; Modified rind graft (du Breuil’s method); Saddle graft, modified saddle graft, strap or bastard saddle graft; Somerset saddle graft; Wedge or cleft graft: wedge grafting in the cotyledon stage, wedge grafting the growing-point, petiole wedge graft, oblique wedge graft, strapped wedge graft; Gap graft (Pfarrer Dees’s graft); Abut graft (‘end-to-end’ graft); Crown graft] d. Side Grafting [Side cleft graft; Spliced side graft (veneer side graft); Side tongue graft; Slotted side graft; Scooped side graft; Side rind graft; Awl graft (needle graft); Peg graft; Leaf graft] e. Bench Grafting [Bench grafting on roots: cold callusing, hot callusing; Cutting grafting; Nurse grafting: additional leaves, x cuttings, suckling, veneered cuttings; Bench grafting large stocks; Propagating shy-rooting stocks during tree construction]

VII Tree-raising in Nurseries

TREE-RAISING IN THE OPEN Fruit Trees and Kindred Subjects

Methods of grafting: budding, whip-and-tongue grafting Speed in grafting High-worked trees High-worked fruit bushes Double-working: to overcome incompatibility, stembuilding, disease-resistant stems or frameworks, to promote frost hardiness, to curtail vigour and increase fruitin Plant-lifting machines

GRAFTING UNDER GLASS Roses Rhododendrons and Azaleas Sorbus (Aucuparia Section) Spruce (Picea spp.) Gypsophila Broom

VIII Grafting Established Trees

TO CHANGE VARIETIES

Season for grafting Preparatory measures

Topworking

General Cleft graft (split graft) Oblique cleft graft Rind graft (crown graft) Veneer crown graft (Tittel’s graft) Strap graft Aftercare of topworked trees

Frameworking

General Length of scions Position of scions Stub graft Side graft Oblique side graft Inverted L rind graft Slit graft Aftercare of frameworked trees Provision of pollinators

TO REPAIR AND IMPROVE

Bridge Grafting

Bridging incompatible unions

Inarching and Approach Grafting

IX In Conclusion

Misuse of Grafting Stock/Scion Interaction Graft-hybrids, Chimaeras, and ‘Specific Influence’ Grafting as an Aid to the Investigator Invention of Grafts

References Appendix I

PEARS ON QUINCE ROOTSTOCKS

Appendix II

PLUM (PRUNUS) ROOTSTOCKS AND THEIR USES

Appendix III

PLUM (PRUNUS) ROOTSTOCK/SCION COMBINATIONS TO AVOID

Appendix IV

A SELECTED LIST OF STOCK/SCION COMBINATIONS

Appendix V

REPLANT DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL

Appendix VI

WEED CONTROL IN NURSERIES BY HERBICIDES

Appendix VII

MICROGRAFTING

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