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Index
Title page
Copyright page
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Mystery of Subjectivity
2 The General Biological and Special Neurobiological Features of Conscious Animals
3 The Birth of Brains
4 The Cambrian Explosion
5 Consciousness Gets a Head Start: Vertebrate Brains, Vision, and the Cambrian Birth of the Mental Image
6 Two-Step Evolution of Sensory Consciousness in Vertebrates
7 Searching for Sentience: Feelings
8 Finding Sentience
9 Does Consciousness Need a Backbone?
10 Neurobiological Naturalism: A Consilience
Appendix: Table References
References
Index
Table 1.1 The neuroontologically subjective features of consciousness (NSFC)
Table 2.1 The defining features of consciousness
Table 5.1 Parts of the central nervous system of vertebrates, emphasizing the brain
Table 5.2 Vertebrate CNS versus that of tunicates and amphioxus: A comparison of parts
Table 5.3 Summary of the major sensory pathways of vertebrates
Table 7.1 Three different aspects of sensory consciousness (qualia) and “something it is like to be”
Table 7.2 The interoceptive and nociceptive pathways in mammals
Table 7.3 Summary of theories of the origin of affective consciousness
Table 8.1 Behaviors that do not indicate pain/pleasure (or negative/positive affect)
Table 8.2 Criteria for operant learned behaviors that probably indicate pain/pleasure (or negative/positive affect)
Table 8.3 Distribution of the behavioral evidence for positive and negative affect across animals
Table 8.4 Comparative neuroanatomy of positive and negative affects: Features for reward, nociception, and fearlike responses
Table 8.5 Comparative neuroanatomy of positive and negative affects: Mesolimbic reward system (MRS), or mesolimbic dopamine (reward/aversion) system, with the functions listed for mammals
Table 8.6 Adaptive behavior network (“social behavior network”), which signals behaviors necessary for survival; linked to mesolimbic reward system, which motivates and rewards these adaptive behaviors
Table 9.1 Affective consciousness: Suggested behavioral evidence of positive and negative affect in protostome invertebrates
Table 9.2 Sensory (exteroceptive) consciousness: Evidence for protostome invertebrates
Table 10.1 The three postulates of neurobiological naturalism
Figure 1.1 Three approaches to understanding consciousness.
Figure 1.2 The concept of mental unity, as shown by the phenomenon of cyclopean perception (“cyclopean” = as if with one eye).
Figure 1.3 A timeline of the history of life on Earth, based on fossil evidence and dating of rocks through rates of radioactive decay.
Figure 2.1 How embodiment and “bodies” became more elaborate during the early evolution of life on Earth.
Figure 2.2 A biological hierarchy drawn as a stack of rectangles, showing the concepts of different levels, emergence, and constraint.
Figure 2.3 Reflexes: simple and complex.
Figure 2.4 Different types of hierarchies.
Figure 2.5 Isomorphism, affects, and two kinds of consciousness.
Figure 3.1 Tree showing the relations among the chordates, including vertebrates and the nonvertebrate cephalochordates and urochordates.
Figure 3.2 Basic parts of the chordate nervous system.
Figure 3.3 The nonvertebrate chordates: tunicates and cephalochordates (amphioxus).
Figure 3.4 Brains of tunicates of different life stages and classes.
Figure 3.5 Brain of amphioxus as the platform on which chordate and vertebrate brains are built.
Figure 4.1 Timeline from the start of the Earth to the present.
Figure 4.2 Today’s animal phyla, which originated in the Cambrian explosion, presented in a phylogenetic “tree of life” that shows their interrelations.
Figure 4.3 Ediacaran (A) versus Cambrian (B) seafloor communities.
Figure 4.4 Cambrian representatives of many bilaterian animal phyla, known from fossils, with some that are strange and of uncertain relationship.
Figure 4.5 Bilaterian ancestor reconstructed: complex (A) versus simple (B) versions.
Figure 4.6 Comparison of Cambrian arthropods with vertebrates.
Figure 5.1 Relations and evolution of the chordate and vertebrate animals.
Figure 5.2 Main subdivisions and parts of the vertebrate brain (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain).
Figure 5.3 Brains of various groups of vertebrates in side view.
Figure 5.4 The limbic system, seen as the shaded structures in this mid-sagittal view of a generalized vertebrate brain.
Figure 5.5 Stepwise evolution of the vertebrate eye.
Figure 5.6 The embryonic tissues that are unique to vertebrates: neural crest and placodes.
Figure 5.7 The brain of amphioxus (as a proxy for the ancestral, prevertebrate brain), compared to the brain of a lamprey (a proxy for the brain of the first true vertebrate).
Figure 5.8 Prevertebrates and early vertebrates.
Figure 5.9 Vision: Visual pathway in the human.
Figure 5.10 Touch: Somatosensory-touch pathway in the human.
Figure 5.11 Hearing: Auditory pathway in the human.
Figure 5.12 Smell: Olfactory pathway in the human.
Figure 6.1 The clades of vertebrates and their phylogenetic relationships, according to current understanding.
Figure 6.2 Fossil jawless vertebrates from the late Cambrian and after.
Figure 6.3 Cyclostomes: Modern lamprey and hagfish.
Figure 6.4 Lamprey brain and sensory pathways.
Figure 6.5 Simple diagram of a sensory neural hierarchy.
Figure 6.6 Optic tectum, showing its size in a teleost zebrafish and a bird, with its layered neuronal structure in a teleost.
Figure 6.7 Pallium of the cerebrum of the vertebrate brain.
Figure 6.8 A sampling of extinct synapsid and sauropsid amniotes, from 280 to 70 million years ago: mammal-like reptiles, a mammal, a dinosaur, and a bird.
Figure 6.9 Comparing the brains of different amniote vertebrates.
Figure 7.1 Interoceptive and pain pathways to the brain of humans.
Figure 7.2 Limbic system in vertebrate brain.
Figure 8.1 Phylogenetic tree showing that affective, interoceptive, and exteroceptive consciousness all existed in the first vertebrates of the Cambrian explosion.
Figure 9.1 Relations of the living animal groups.
Figure 9.2 Plan of the central nervous system of most protostome invertebrates, as reconstructed in a presumed worm ancestor.
Figure 9.3 Insect and arthropod nervous system.
Figure 9.4 The relation between brain weight and body weight in various animals: vertebrates with some invertebrates.
Figure 9.5 Gastropod nervous system.
Figure 9.6 Cephalopod nervous system.
Figure 10.1 Timeline showing the major events in the history of consciousness.
Figure 10.2 Animals in the Cambrian ocean (520–505 million years ago).
Figure 10.3 Animals in the seas of the Carboniferous Period (330 million years ago), the age of the great coal forests.
Figure 10.4 Animals on land in the Carboniferous Period (330 million years ago), the age of the great coal forests.
Figure 10.5 Animals in the seas in the Triassic Period (220 million years ago), the age of reptiles.
Figure 10.6 Animals on land in the Triassic Period (220 million years ago), the age of reptiles.
Figure 10.7 Phylogenetic relations of the animals that show evidence of consciousness.
Figure 10.8 Relationships among the three types of primary consciousness in vertebrates: exteroceptive, interoceptive, and affective.
Figure 10.9 The problem of auto- and allo-ontological irreducibilities of consciousness.
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