Petrophysics, Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties by Tiab, Djebbar -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Preface: 4th Edition of Petrophysics Acknowledgments About the Authors Units

References

Chapter 1: Introduction

Abstract Introduction to Mineralogy Mineral Constituents of Rocks: A Review Properties of Sedimentary Particles Development and use of Petrophysics Problems Glossary

Chapter 2: Introduction to Petroleum Geology

Abstract Review of Composition of the Globe Plate Tectonics Geologic Time Sedimentary Geology Hydrocarbon Traps Origin of Petroleum Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum Properties of Subsurface Fluids Petroleum Petroleum Chemistry Problems

Chapter 3: Porosity and Permeability

Abstract Introduction Porosity Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity Engineering Classification of Porosity Geological Classification of Porosity Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks Fluid Saturation Quantitative Use of Porosity Permeability Classification of Permeability Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability Permeability-Porosity Relationships Kozeny Correlation Concept of Flow Units Mathematical Theory of Flow Units Specific Surface Area Flow Unit Characterization Factors Flow Units Functions Reservoir Zonation Using Normalized RQI Effect of Packing on Permeability Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability Permeability from NMR Permeability from GR Logs Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks Directional Permeability Reservoir Heterogeneity Distribution of Rock Properties Permeability and Porosity Distributions Permeability from Well Test Data Statistical Zonation Technique Problems

Chapter 4: Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation

Abstract Formation Resistivity Factor Resistivity Measurement Determination of Formation Water Resistivity Spontaneous Potential Curve Shale-Properties Method Correlation Between FR and Porosity Correlations Between FR and Tortuosity Correlations Between FR and Cementation Theoretical Formula for FR Correlation Between FR and Water Saturation Correlation Between FR and Permeability Resistivity of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks Water Saturation in Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks Approximate Shale Relationship Generalized Shale Relationship Flow Units for Shaly Sandstones Lab-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks Log-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks Formation Evaluation Core Analysis Well Log Analysis Water Saturation Core Interpretation of Data Interpretation of Well Log Data Problems

Chapter 5: Capillary Pressure

Abstract Introduction Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation Capillary Rise Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection Pore-Size Distribution Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir Capillary Pressure J-Function Capillary Number Problems

Chapter 6: Wettability

Abstract Wettability Interfacial Tension Contact Angle Sessile Drop Measurement of Contact Angles Wilhelmy Plate Measurement of Contact Angles Surface Chemical Properties Evaluation of Wettability Spontaneous Imbibition Wettability Test Fluid Displacement Energy Water-oil-Rock Interfacial Activity Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery Alteration of Wettability Treatment of the Rock Effects of Temperature and Pressure Fractional Flow Equation Problems

Chapter 7: Applications of Darcy’s Law

Abstract Darcy’s Law Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids Linear Flow of Gas Darcy’s and Poiseuille’s Laws Linear Flow Through Fractures and Channels Flow Through Fractures Flow Through Solution Channels Radial Flow Systems Steady-State Flow Pseudosteady-State Flow Skin Zone Dimensionless Pressure Radial Laminar Flow of Gas Turbulent Flow of Gas Linear Turbulent Flow Friction Factor of Porous Rocks Turbulent Radial Flow Multiple-Permeability Rocks Layered Reservoirs With Crossflow Layered Reservoirs Without Crossflow Composite Reservoirs Linear Flow Systems Radial Flow Systems Problems

Chapter 8: Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Abstract Introduction Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Indicators of Natural Fractures Visual Identification of Fractures Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks Fracture Porosity Determination RQI, FZI, and m for Carbonates Porosity Partitioning Coefficient Fracture Intensity Index Permeability-Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems Porosity and Permeability Relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores Specific Area of Fractures Effect of Fracture Shape Hydraulic Radius of Fractures Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures Fracture Area Fracture Storage Capacity Fracture Conductivity Characterizing Natural Fractures from Well-Test Data Fracture Porosity and Permeability from Pressure Tests Fracture Corridors in Carbonates Problems

Chapter 9: Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties

Abstract Static Stress-Strain Relation Stress Analysis Strain Analysis Two-Dimensional Stress-Strain Systems Rock Deformation Hooke’s Law Stress-Strain Diagrams The Mohr Diagram Dynamic Elastic Properties Dynamic versus Static Modulus of Elasticity Rock Strength and Hardness Rock Hardness Compressibility of Porous Rocks Pore Compressibility Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress Rock Compressibility Correlations Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data Effect of Stress on Core Data Effect of Stress on Porosity Effect of Stress on Permeability Effect of Stress on Resistivity Porosity-Permeability-Stress Relationship Effect of Stress on Fracturing Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Fracture Gradient FG for Offshore Wells Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Fracture Dimensions In Situ Stress Distribution Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure Change in Stress Field due to Depletion and Repressurization Stress Relationship at the Wellbore Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells Overbalanced Conditions Balanced and Underbalanced Conditions Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells Overbalanced Conditions Underbalanced Conditions Critical Pore Pressure Example of a North Sea Reservoir Stress Field and Reservoir Stress Paths Analysis Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production Problems Additional Sample Data

Chapter 10: Reservoir Characterization

Abstract Introduction Reservoir Volumes Hydraulic Flow Units Mobility Ratio J-Function Analysis of Reservoir Performance Decline Curves Material Balance Development of the General Material Balance Equation Straight-line Solution of the Material Balance Equation Basic Well-log Interpretation Problems

Chapter 11: Fluid-Rock Interactions

Abstract Introduction Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability Nature of Permeability Damage Origin of Permeability Damage Types of Permeability Damage Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability Types and Sizes of Fines Fines Migration Chemical Damage Mechanical Damage Migration of Foreign Solids Critical Velocity Concept Entrainment and Surface Deposition Entrainment and Plugging Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids Permeability Damage from Formation Fines Effect of Water Quality on Permeability External Filter-Cake Buildup Internal Filter-Cake Buildup Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations Impairment from Wellbore Fill-Up Membrane Filtration Tests Core Filtration Tests External Filter-Cake Formation Internal Filter-Cake Formation Problems

Chapter 12: Shale-Gas Reservoirs

Unconventional Hydrocarbon Generation Kerogen and Total Organic Content Rock-Evaluation Pyrolysis Vitrinite Reflectance Petrophysical Evaluation Total Porosity Effective Porosity Total Gas in Place in Shale-Gas Reservoirs Two-Volume Petrophysical Model Gas Recovery Factor Free Gas in Place (Gf) Three-Volume Petrophysical Model Empirical Correlations of TOC Permeability Problems

Appendix A: Measurement of Rock and Fluid Properties

Experiment 1: Fluid Content of Rocks by the Retort Method Experiment 2: Measurement of Saturation by Solvent Extraction Experiment 3: Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity Experiment 4: Specific Gravity of Gases Experiment 5: Viscosity Experiment 6: Fluorescence Experiment 7: Absolute and Effective Porosity Experiment 8: Sieve Analysis (Particle-Size Distribution) Experiment 9: Surface Area of Sediments Experiment 10: Absolute Permeability Experiment 11: Absolute Permeability Measured with a Gas Experiment 12: Relative Permeability Experiment 13: Surface and Interfacial Tensions Experiment 14: Capillary Pressure Experiment 15: Determination of Z-Factors for Imperfect Gases Experiment 16: Basic Sediment and Water Analysis (BS&W) Experiment 17: Point-Load Strength Test

Appendix B: Computer Programs

Introduction

Index

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