The Philosophy of Law by Gray, Christopher B. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Introduction Subject List by Topic Contributors The Encyclopedia

Aboriginal Legal Cultures Abortion and Infanticide Absolute Liability Abuse of Right Acquisition and Transfer

The Original Acquisition of Property Rights The Transfer of Property Rights

Act Requirement Action and Agency Action-based Philosophy of Law Actus Reus Administrative Decision Making Admissibility Aesthetics

Aesthetics and Legal Interpretation Humanistic Critiques of Law Legal Regulation of the Arts Aesthetic Critiques of Legal Works

Affinity African Philosophy of Law

Theoretical Trends in African Jurisprudence African Jurisprudence and the Twenty-First Century

Agency (Mandate) Aging Alternative Dispute Resolution Amendment American Jurists, 1860–1960 Analogy Anarchist Philosophy of Law Anselm (1033/4–1109) Anthropology Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274)

Divine Law or Eternal Law (Lex Divina, Lex Aeterna)

Positive Divine Law

Natural Law (Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturale, Rectitudo Naturalis) Law of Nations (Ius Gentium) Human (Positive) Law (Lex Humana)

Arbitration

Act of Birth: The Disputants’ Liberty and the Private Temptation Act of Growth: The Disputants’ Constraint and the Public Temptation Beyond the Loop: The Arbitrators’ Working Principles

Argumentation Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) Array Theory Art Artificial Intelligence and Networks Asian Philosophy of Law Asylum and Refugees

The Triple Role of Government in Asylum Policy Use of Legal Means to Limit States’ Responsibility

Attempts Augustine (354–430)

Intentionalism Lying Homocide and Suicide Political Legitimacy Punishment Just War Theory

Austin, John (1790–1859) Authority Automatism Autonomy Axiology

Bankruptcy Beccaria, Cesare (1738–1794) Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832) Betrothal Betti, Emilio (1890–1968) Bill of Rights; Charter Rights Blackstone, William (1723–1780) Bobbio, Norberto (1909– ) Bodenheimer, Edgar (1908–1991) Burial Burke, Edmund (1729–1797)

Capacity Capital Punishment Catholic Philosophy of Law Causation, Criminal Causation, Tort Law

Cause-in-Fact Proof of Counterfactuals in Cause-in-Fact Proximate or Legal Cause

Central and Eastern European Philosophy of Law Chaos Theory Character Charter Rights; Bill of Rights Children Chinese Philosophy of Law

Confucianism and Legal Philosophy The Legalists (Fa Jia) Cultural and Philosophical Symbiosis of Confucianism and Legalism The Present Situation

Cicero, MarcusTullius (106–43 B.C.) Citizenship and Membership Civil Disobedience Civil Rights Civilian Philosophy of Law

(General) Legal Theory Theory of Justice Theory of Legal Science History of the Philosophy of Law

Civility

Historical Background Contemporary Debates

Codification Coercion (Duress) Coherence Collective Rights Common Good Common Law Philosophy of Law Commons Communitarian Philosophy of Law

Conception of the Self Conception of Community Nature and Scope of Distributive Justice Priority of the Right over the Good

Community Commutative Justice Comparative Law Compliance Compound Damages Compound Offenses Computers Confessions Configurative Philosophy of Law Confinement Conflict of Laws Conscience Conscientious Objection Consent Conspiracy

Conspiracy as an Inchoate Offense Conspirators’ Liability for Substantive Offenses Problems of Individuation and Scope

Constituting Acts Constitutionalism Continental Philosophy of Law Contractual Obligation Contractualist Philosophy of Law Convention and Custom Corrective Justice Cossio, Carlos (1902–1987) Cost-Benefit Analysis Criminalization

Actus Reus Mens Rea

Criminology Critical Legal Studies Customary Law

Damages Death Death Penalty Decision Making, Administrative Decision Making, Judicial Decisionist Philosophy of Law

Nihilism Law and Decision Historical Background Objections

Deconstructionist Philosophy of Law Deemings Defenses

Failure-of-Proof Defenses Affirmative Defenses

Justification Excuse Distinguishing Justification from Excuse Mistake of Law

The Theory of Defenses

A Criterion for the Defenses The Moral Basis of the Defenses

Democratic Process Deontic Logic Derrida, Jacques (1930– ) Derridean Jurisprudents Desert Deterrence, Strategic Deterrent Rationale Developing Countries Dewey, John (1859–1952) Difference Theory Dignity Diminished Capacity Discipline Discourse Epistemology Discourse Theory Discretion Disobedience Disposition of Remains

Posthumous Harm Posthumous Rights Rights of the Living in the Bodies of the Dead The Importance of Symbolism

Dispute Resolution

Infra Disputationem: The Immersed Part of Legal Resolution Intra Disputationem: The Tip of Legal Resolution

Judicial Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution

Supra Disputationem: Recourse to Legislation

Distributive Justice

Utilitarianism Justice as Fairness Rights-based Libertarian Theories of Justice Marxian-Egalitarian Theories

Divorce and Marriage Domat, Jean (1625–1696) Donation Drugs Due Process Dueling Duress Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917) Duty Dworkin, Ronald (1931– )

Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction

Nonjurisdictional Offices Internal and External Forum Ordinary and Delegated Jurisdiction Jurisdiction in History Autonomy of Jurisdiction

Ecology and Environmental Sciences Economic Loss Economics

Rational Choice for an Agent Interpersonal Rational Choice Normative Assessment

Economics and Law Efficiency Eminent Domain and Takings

History Contemporary Debates

Empirical Evidence Engagement Entrapment Entrenchment Environment Epistemology in Law Equality Error, Deceit, and Illusion Estate and Patrimony Ethics, Legal Euthanasia and Suicide Evidence

Facts and Knowledge of Facts Processes of Inference

Ex Post Facto Legislation Exchange Exculpation Exegetical School Existentialist Philosophy of Law Exploitation Expressive Rationale for Punishment

Descriptive and Normative Expressionism Extrinsic and Intrinsic Expressionism

Facts and Law Fairness

The Concept of Fairness Social Justice Legal Fairness Obligations of Fairness

Family Law Fascist (National Socialist) Philosophy of Law

Philosophical Foundations Sources of Law Anthropological Presuppositions Philosophy of Law and Legal Practice

Fault

Evolution Concept

Federal Jurists, 1800–1860, U.S. Feminist Philosophy of Law Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814) Fictions and Deemings

Roman Law Early English Common Law Jeremy Bentham Henry Sumner Maine Lon L. Fuller The Danger of Reification Statutory Deemings The Call for Revival

Fighting Finance Finnis, John (1940– ) Forgiveness Foucault, Michel (1926–1984) Founding Jurists, 1760–1800, U.S. Fragmentation of Ownership Franchise and Referendum Frankfurt School (Early) Free Law Movement Freedom and Capacity of Contract

Importance Definition Capacity Monopoly Mistake

Fuller, Lon L. (1902–1978)

Morality Law Internal Morality of Law Law and Morality

Fundamental Rights

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900– ) Game Theory Gény, François (1861–1959) Gift Goodness and Coherence

History of the Idea Advantages of Coherence Disadvantages of Coherence Goodness

Goods Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645) Group Rights Gurvitch, Georges (1894–1965)

Habermas, Jürgen (1929– ) Harms Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus (1907–1992) Hate Literature Hayek, Friedrich von (1899–1992) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) Hellenic Philosophy of Law: Conceptual Framework

ΔIKH θEMΣ NEMΩ, NEMEΣIΣ, NOMOΣ ΓPAΦH APXH

Hellenic Philosophy of Law: Primary Sources

Homer Hesiod Philosophers Dramatists Historians Sophists

Hellenistic Philosophy of Law

Greek Law Stoics

The Metaphysical Way The Anthropological Way of Kinship (Oikeiòsis)

Epicureans Neoplatonism

Hermeneutical Philosophy of Law Hire

Hire of Goods Hire of Personal Services or Labor

History (Historicity of Law) Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) Hohfeld, Wesley Newcombe (1879–1918) Holdsworth, Richard (1590–1649) Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (1841–1935) Homelessness and Residency Homicide

Justifiable Homicide Excusable Homicide Murder Manslaughter

Homosexuality Human Rights Hume, David (1711–1776) Husserl, Gerhart (1893–1973) Hutchinson, Thomas (1711–1780)

Idealists, British Ideology Ignorance Immunity Imperfect Obligation Imputation and Exculpation Incapacitative Rationale Inchoate Offenses Included Offenses Indeterminacy Indian, North American Indian Philosophy of Law Information on Philosophy of Law: Study, Research, and Materials

Philosophy of Law in Legal Study and Practice Legal Philosophy in the Law Schools Legal Philosophy in Non-Law School Faculties Scholarship and Scholars in Philosophy of Law Postgraduate Study in Philosophy of Law Funding for Study and Research in Philosophy of Law Publications in Philosophy of Law Collections in Philosophy of Law ANNEX A: Funding ANNEX B: Journals (Current) Annex C: Monographic Series (Current) ANNEX D: Legal Schooling: Monographs Legal Schooling: Journals

Inheritance and Succession

Inheritance and Testamentary Freedom Intestacy Spouses and Dependents

Injury Insanity Defense Institutional Jurisprudence Institutionalism, French Institutionalist Philosophy of Law Integrity Intellectual Property Intent Intent, Legislative Intergenerational Justice International Jurisdiction Interpretation Intimacy Is/Ought Gap Isidore (550–636) Islamic Philosophy of Law

Law and Legal Principles

Statute Evidence Procedures Ijtihâd

Philosophers and Law Philosophical Aspects

Japanese and Asian Philosophy of Law Jewish Law

Religious Character of Jewish Law Structure of Jewish Law Nature of the Halakhic Process Autonomy of Jewish Law

Jhering, Rudolph von (1818–1892) Judicial Independence Judicial Review

Republican Argument

United States Rome Israel England Puritanism

Democratic Argument Philosophical Argument

Judicial Syllogism

Definition Logical Nature of Judicial Decisions Rationality in Judicial Decisions

Jurisculture Jurisdiction Jurisprudence

Definition Theory/Philosophy History Fields Methodology

Jury System Jury Trials Justice Justice in Contract, Civilian

Legislation Courts

Justification

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) Kaufmann, Arthur (1923– ) Kaufmann, Felix (1895–1949) Kelsen, Hans (1881–1973)

Norms Law Legal Systems Developments

Lasswell/McDougal Collaboration: Configurative Philosophy of Law

Vantage Point Observing Context and Decision Formulating Particular Problems in Decision Context The Key Intellectual Tasks

Latin American Philosophy of Law

Colonial Period (ca. 1550–1750) Independentist Period (ca. 1750–1850) Positivist Period (ca. 1850–1910) Contemporary Period (ca. 1910–present)

Law and Economics Law and Society Lease Legal Ethics Legalism

Cultural Context Psychosocial Development Legal Implications

Legality

Definition Procedure Context

Legislation and Codification Legitimacy Legitimate Authority Legitimate Object of Contract Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716) Liability, Criminal

Conditions of Liability Liability to Punishment Proving Liability Fairness

Liability, Protections from Civil Liaison Liberal Philosophy of Law Liberality Libertarian Philosophy of Law Liberty

Negative Liberty Positive Liberty Protections for Liberty

Life Lipsius, Justus (1547–1606) Llewellyn, Karl Nickerson (1893–1962) Lobbying Locke, John (1632–1704) Logic, Deontic Legal

Standard System Deontic Inference and Ideal World Semantics Paradoxes Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives Defeasibility and Nonmonotonic Logics

Love Luhmann, Niklas (1927– )

Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527) Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) (1135–1204) Mair (Major), John (ca. 1467/8–1550) Mandate Maritain, Jacques (1882—1973) Marriage Contract Marx, Karl (1818–1883) Marxist Philosophy of Law Mediation, Criminal

Traditional and Western Societies: Personalization and Rationalization Mediation: Ethics of Care for Victims and Offenders Conditions of Communication and Institutional Structure

Medieval Philosophy of Law Mens Rea Mercy and Forgiveness

Concept Skepticism about Mercy Defending Mercy

Metanorms

Definition Uneasiness of a Crucial Concept Explanatory Scope

Metaphor and Symbol

Metaphor in Rhetoric Metaphorical Cognition New Rhetoric in Philosophy of Law Symbolism in Law Cultural Semiotics

Metaphysics Military Philosophy of Law Minority, Ethnic, and Group Rights

Group Rights and the Liberal Tradition Kinds of Rights Demanded by Ethnocultural Communities

Self-Government Rights Multicultural Rights Special Representation Rights

Cultural Membership, Autonomy, and Equality

Mistake and Ignorance

Mistake of Law Mistake of Fact

Mixed Rationales Mobility Rights Monetary Power

Money Power Philosophical Issues Current Problems

Montaigne, Michel de (1533–1592) Montesquieu, Baron de, Charles de Secondat (1689–1755) Morality and Law Mortgage Murder Myth

Nation and Nationalism Native Philosophy of Law Natural Justice Natural Law

Natural Law Controversies Scope Inalienable Rights Semantic Problems Academic Renewal and Real Events Definition Current Debates

The Antigone Problem

Less than Perfect Law Is and Ought Natural Rights? The Future of Natural Law Studies

Natural Rights Nazism Necessity Negligence, Criminal

Degree and Process Issues

Negotiated Plea Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900) Nihilism Nineteenth-Century Philosophy of Law

Right Wing Left Wing

Norms Northern European Philosophy of Law Novel Defenses Nozick, Robert (1938– )

Oaths Obedience and Disobedience Objectivist Philosophy of Law Objectivity

Incontestability of Evidence Impartiality Regulative Idea of Interpretation: Practical Device

Obligation and Duty Obligation, Political Offer and Acceptance Omissions Ontology, Legal (Metaphysics) Oppression Order

The Ancient History of Law and Order: Divine Command

Analytic/Spatial Synthetic/Temporal Causal The Human Analogue Implications

Two Contemporary Views of Order

Kelsen Foucault

Ownership

Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) Pardon, Parole, and Probation Parenting and Childrearing Parties, Contractual Parties to Criminal Conduct Pashukanis, Evgeny Bronislavovich (1891–1937) Paternalism Patrimony Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839–1914) Penal Law, Philosophy of Perelman, Chaïm (1912–1984) Personal Injury Persons, Identity of

Historical Development Legal Treatment

Petrazycki, Leon (1867–1931) Phenomenology of Law Philosophy of Law Plato (ca. 428–348 B.C.) Plea Bargaining

Involuntariness Unreliability Injustice in Sentencing The Contract Model

Police Policy, Legal Political Obligation

Theories of Political Obligation Communitarian Theories Voluntarist Theories Nonvoluntarist Theories Anarchist Theories

Political Philosophy Pornography Positional Philosophy of Law Positive Duties Positivism, Legal

“Essentially Contested Concept” The Concept of Legal Positivism Conceptual Opposition Between Legal Positivism and Legal Naturalism

Posner, Richard Allen (1939– ) Possession and Recovery Postmodern Philosophy of Law

Modernist Thought and Jurisprudence Postmodern Thought and Jurisprudence

Poststructuralism and Legal Theory Neo-pragmatism and Legal Theory Post-Freudian Psychoanalysis and Legal Theory

Beyond Postmodern Jurisprudence

Pound, Roscoe (1870–1964) Powers and Rights

Jural Relations Powers Applications Criticisms

Powers of Government Pragmatist Philosophy of Law

Fallibilism and the Evolutionary Growth of Knowledge Contextualism Instrumentalism Workability

Precedent Prediction Theory Preventive Detention

Predictions The Value of Freedom Preventive Detention and Punishment Compensation

Prima Facie Obligation Privacy Private Law Products Liability

Strict Liability Fault-based Liability Consumer Responsibility

Professional Ethics Prohibited Substances Promulgation

The Common Law Nature of Law The Moral Issue

Proof Property Prosecution, Private Prostitution

Prostitution and the Law The Morality of Prostitution

Psychiatry Public and Private Jurisdictions Pufendorf, Samuel (1632–1694) Punishment Punitive Damages Pure Theory of Law Purpose, Legislative

Doctrine Operation

Radbruch, Gustav (1878–1949) Radical Class, Gender, and Race Theories: Positionality

Class Positional Indeterminacy Gender Race Positionality

Rational Bargaining Rawls, John (1921– ) Raz, Joseph (1939— ) Realism, Legal

Context and Background Legal Indeterminacy The Core Claim Two Branches of Realism Legacy of Legal Realism

Rebellion Reception Recovery Rectificatory Justice Referendum Refugees Regulation Rehabilitation and Habilitation Rationale Reinach, Adolph (1883–1917) Relevance Religion and Theology

Precedental Development Procedural Influence Methodological Influence Jurisdictional Issues

Renaissance Philosophy of Law Republican Philosophy of Law Rescue in Tort and Criminal Law Residency Res Ipsa Loquitur Responsibility Restitution Restitutionary Rationale Retributive Rationale Retroactive Laws Revenge Revolution Rhetoric Rights and Liberties

Kinds of Rights Rights and Duties Interest and Choice Fundamental and Consequential Rights Scope and Stringency Rights and Progress

Risk Assessment Robbery Role Roman Philosophy of Law

Origins Decadence Codification Revival Prospect

Rosmini, Antonio (1797–1855) Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) Rule of Law Rules

Sagas, Icelandic Sale Savigny, Friedrich Carl von (1779–1861) Scandinavian Legal Realism Science Scottish Enlightenment Secession

The Legality of Secession The Morality of Secession The Politics of Secession

Secondary Rights Secondary Rules Security Self-Defense

Subjective or Objective Imminence Innocents

Self-Determination, National

Right of Nations to Self-Determination Problems of the Right of Nations to Self-Determination

Self-Determination, Personal Self-Reference Semiotic Philosophy of Law Sentencing Separation of Powers Sex, Commercial Sexual Abuse

Rape Sexual Harassment Woman-Battering

Sixteenth-to Eighteenth-Century Philosophy of Law Skepticism Slavery Smith, Adam (1723–1790) Social Contract

Historical Background Consent Contemporary Debate Objections

Social Philosophy Socialist Philosophy of Law Sociological Jurisprudence Sociology of Law

Basic Problems Empirical Research Theories Organization

Sodomy Southern European Philosophy of Law Sovereignty Speech Acts Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903) Spinoza, Baruch de (1632–1677) Standards Standing State

What Is the State? Some Definitions of the State Features of Existing States Leading Philosophical Questions

State Action Status Strict Liability, Criminal Successions Suicide Supererogation Superior Orders and Legitimate Authority Surrogacy Symbols Systems Theory

Takings Taxation

Tax Base

A Head Tax Benefit Tax Income Spending Wealth

Tax Structure

Definitions Arguments

Terrorism Testimony and Expert Evidence Theft and Related Offenses Theology Thomas Aquinas Time and Imputation Tolerance Torts

Tort Doctrine: The Poles of Causation and Intent Tort Theory: Economic Efficiency, Compensation, and Morality Conclusion: Questions of Will and Obligation

Torture

Torture Employed to Obtain Confessions of Guilt Torture Employed to Obtain Information

Transfer Treason Trusts Truth

Ulpian, Domitius (ca. A.D. 165/70–223/4) United States of America Universal Rights Unjust Enrichment and Restitution

Philosophical Basis Function of the Concept in Different Legal Systems Character of the Concept

Utilitarianism

Vagueness Validity Value Vengeance Vico, Giambattista (1668–1744) Villey, Michel (1914–1988) Violence and Oppression Virtue Voice Volenti Vote

War and War Trials Weber, Max (1864–1920) Western European Legal Culture in the Twentieth Century Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889–1951) Wróblewski, Jerzy (1926–1990) Wrongdoing and Right Acting

Sexual Immorality Offensive Conduct Self-Abuse Quasi-Persons Moral Pollution

Wrongful Life and Wrongful Death

Index of Names Index of Cases Index of Legislation and Legislative-Type Materials Index of Topics

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