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Index
Web Design in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition
Foreword
Contributors
Technical Reviewers
Lead Technical Editors
Tantek Çelik
Molly E. Holzschlag
Technical Reviewers
Preface
What's in the Book
Using Code Examples
Conventions Used in This Book
CSS Property Conventions
How to Contact Us
Safari® Enabled
Acknowledgments
I. The Web Environment
1. Web Standards
1.1. What Are Standards?
1.1.1. The Standards Process
1.1.2. A Bumpy Beginning
1.1.3. Standards Support Today
1.1.4. The Advantages of Standards
1.1.4.1. Accessibility
1.1.4.2. Forward compatibility
1.1.4.3. Simpler and faster development
1.1.4.4. Faster download and display
1.2. Current Web Standards
1.2.1. Structural Layer
1.2.2. Presentation Layer
1.2.3. Behavioral Layer
1.2.3.1. Object models
1.2.3.2. Scripting
1.2.4. Other XML-Based Technologies
1.3. Standards-Driven Design
1.3.1. Separate Presentation from Structure
1.3.2. Use a DOCTYPE Declaration
1.3.3. Validate Your Markup
1.4. For Further Reading
1.4.1. Books
1.4.2. Web Resources
2. Designing for a Variety of Browsers
2.1. Browser History
2.2. Browser Roll-Call
2.2.1. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6
2.2.2. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 and 5.5 (Windows)
2.2.3. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 (Macintosh)
2.2.4. Netscape Navigator 7
2.2.5. Netscape Navigator 4
2.2.6. Firefox 1.0
2.2.7. Opera 8.5
2.2.8. Safari
2.2.9. America Online
2.2.10. Lynx
2.3. Gathering Usage Statistics
2.3.1. Global Browser Statistics
2.3.2. Server Log Analysis
2.3.3. Targeted Statistics Consulting
2.4. Learning from Browser Statistics
2.4.1. What You Can Learn
2.4.1.1. Standards support
2.4.1.2. Dominance of Windows and Internet Explorer
2.4.1.3. Persistence of old browser versions
2.4.2. Browser Usage Trends
2.5. Dealing with Browser Differences
2.5.1. Document Authoring
2.5.2. Style Sheet Tactics
2.5.3. Programming
2.6. Know Your Audience
2.7. Test!
3. Designing for a Variety of Displays
3.1. Designing for Unknown Monitor Resolutions
3.1.1. Standard Monitor Sizes and Resolutions
3.1.2. Live Space in the Browser Window
3.2. Fixed Versus Liquid Web Pages
3.2.1. Liquid Layouts
3.2.1.1. Advantages and disadvantages of fluid web pages
3.2.1.2. Creating flexible pages
3.2.2. Fixed-Width Design
3.2.2.1. Advantages and disadvantages of fixed-width design
3.2.2.2. Creating fixed pages
3.2.2.3. Left-aligned or centered?
3.2.2.4. Pop-up and resized windows
3.2.3. Combination Pages
3.2.4. Choosing a Page Size
3.2.4.1. The statistics
3.2.4.2. Current practice
3.3. Designing "Above the Fold"
3.4. Mobile Devices
3.4.1. Mobile Display Resolution
3.4.2. Mobile Browsers
3.4.2.1. Support for standards
3.4.2.2. Adapting web content for small screens
3.4.3. Designing for Mobile Devices
3.4.3.1. Write clean HTML
3.4.3.2. Use media types
3.4.4. Online Resources
3.4.4.1. Mobile standards
3.4.4.2. Mobile browsers
3.4.4.3. Mobile device manufacturers
3.4.5. The Web on TV
4. A Beginner's Guide to the Server
4.1. Servers 101
4.1.1. Popular Server Software
4.1.2. Basic Server Functions
4.1.2.1. Web root directory
4.1.2.2. Index files
4.1.2.3. HTTP response header
4.1.3. Server-Side Programming
4.1.3.1. CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
4.1.3.2. ASP (Active Server Pages)
4.1.3.3. PHP
4.1.3.4. Java servlets and JSP
4.2. Unix Directory Structures
4.2.1. Absolute Pathnames
4.2.2. Relative Pathnames
4.2.2.1. Using relative pathnames in HTML
4.3. File Naming Conventions
4.4. Uploading Documents (FTP)
4.4.1. The FTP Process
4.4.2. Setting Permissions
4.5. File (MIME) Types
5. Accessibility
5.1. Types of Disabilities
5.2. Overview of Assistive Technology
5.2.1. Input Devices
5.2.2. Output Devices
5.3. Who Is Responsible for Accessibility?
5.4. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
5.5. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0)
5.6. Standards Variations and Section 508
5.7. Web Accessibility Techniques
5.8. Testing for Accessibility
5.8.1. Testing by Developers
5.8.2. Expert Review
5.8.3. Testing with Users
5.8.4. Automated Testing Tools
6. Internationalization
6.1. Character Sets and Encoding
6.1.1. Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646-1)
6.1.1.1. Unicode code points
6.1.1.2. Unicode encodings
6.1.1.3. Choosing an encoding
6.1.2. Specifying Character Encoding
6.1.2.1. HTTP headers
6.1.2.2. XML declaration
6.1.2.3. The meta element
6.1.2.4. Choosing the declaration method
6.2. Character References
6.2.1. Numeric Character References
6.2.2. Character Entities
6.2.3. Escapes in CSS
6.3. Language Features
6.3.1. Language Specification
6.3.2. Language Values
6.3.3. Directionality
6.3.4. Cursive Joining Behavior
6.4. Style Sheets Language Features
6.5. For Further Reading
II. The Structural Layer: XML and (X)HTML
7. Introduction to XML
7.1. XML Basics
7.1.1. Meaningful Markup
7.1.2. Text as Data, Data as Text
7.2. How It Works
7.2.1. XML Documents
7.2.2. Document Type Definition (DTD)
7.2.3. Style Sheets and XML
7.2.4. Parsers
7.3. XML Document Syntax
7.3.1. XML Declaration
7.3.2. Document Type Declaration
7.3.3. Comments
7.3.4. Processing Instructions
7.3.5. Entity References
7.4. Well-Formed XML
7.5. Document Type Definition (DTD)
7.5.1. Document Type Declarations
7.5.2. Valid XML
7.5.3. DTD Syntax
7.5.3.1. Element declarations
7.5.3.2. Attlist (attribute) declarations
7.5.3.3. Entity declarations
7.5.4. When to Use a DTD
7.6. XML Namespaces
7.7. XML on the Web
7.7.1. Browser Support
7.7.2. Viewing XML in Web Browsers
7.8. Web-Related XML Applications
7.8.1. XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)
7.8.2. RSS (Really Simple Syndication or RDF Site Summary)
7.8.2.1. How it works
7.8.2.2. Trouble over an RSS standard
7.8.2.3. Enter Atom
7.8.2.4. For further reading
7.8.3. RDF (Resource Description Framework)
7.8.4. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
7.8.5. SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)
7.8.5.1. How SMIL works
7.8.6. MathML (Mathematical Markup Language)
7.8.7. Other XML Applications
7.9. Where to Learn More
8. HTML and XHTML Overview
8.1. The Role of HTML
8.1.1. Starting with "Good" Markup
8.1.1.1. Write standards-compliant documents
8.1.1.2. Use semantic markup
8.1.1.3. Structure documents logically
8.1.1.4. Keep presentation separate from structure
8.2. Markup Basics
8.2.1. Elements
8.2.2. Attributes
8.2.3. Nested Elements
8.2.4. Information Browsers Ignore
8.3. Introduction to XHTML
8.3.1. The XHTML Family
8.3.1.1. XHTML 1.0
8.3.1.2. The Modularization of XHTML
8.3.1.3. XHTML Basic
8.3.1.4. XHTML 1.1
8.3.1.5. XHTML-Print
8.3.1.6. XHTML 2.0
8.3.2. Three Flavors of HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0
8.4. Which Standard Is Right for You?
8.5. Well-Formed XHTML
8.5.1. All-Lowercase Element and Attribute Names
8.5.2. Quoted Attribute Values
8.5.3. Element Termination
8.5.4. Empty Elements
8.5.5. Explicit Attribute Values
8.5.6. Nesting Requirements
8.5.7. Character Entities
8.5.8. Protecting Scripts
8.5.9. id and name Attributes
8.6. Web Authoring Tools
8.6.1. HTML/XHTML Editors
8.6.2. WYSIWYG Authoring Tools
8.7. Good Authoring Practices
9. Document Structure
9.1. Minimal Document Structure
9.2. Document Type Declaration
9.2.1. DTD Options
9.2.2. DOCTYPE Switching
9.2.2.1. Browser support
9.2.2.2. Making the switch
9.3. The Root Element
Reference Section
html
9.3.1. Namespace
9.3.2. Language
9.4. The Document Header
Reference Section
head
9.4.1. Titles
title
9.4.2. Other Header Elements
9.4.3. Providing Meta Data
meta
9.4.3.1. http-equiv
9.4.3.2. name
9.4.3.3. Identifying media type and character encoding
9.4.3.4. Using the meta element for client-pull
9.4.3.5. Other uses of http-equiv
9.4.3.6. meta names for search engines
9.5. The Document Body
body
10. Text Elements
10.1. Choosing Text Elements
10.2. The Building Blocks of Content
10.2.1. Headings
h1 through h6
10.2.2. Paragraphs
p
10.2.3. Quotations (blockquote)
blockquote
10.2.4. Preformatted Text
pre
10.2.5. Addresses
address
10.3. Inline Elements
10.3.1. Phrase Elements
abbr, acronym, cite, code, dfn, em, kbd, samp, strong, var
10.3.1.1. Indicating emphasis
10.3.1.2. Acronyms and abbreviations
10.3.2. Short Quotations
q
10.4. Deleted and Inserted Text
del, ins
10.5. Generic Elements (div and span)
10.5.1. The Versatile div
div
10.5.2. The Useful span
span
10.5.3. Element Identifiers (class and id)
10.5.3.1. id identifier
10.5.3.2. class identifier
10.5.3.3. Tips on using class
10.6. Lists
10.6.1. Unordered Lists
ul
li
10.6.1.1. Unordered list syntax
10.6.1.2. Unordered list presentation
10.6.2. Ordered Lists
ol
10.6.3. Definition Lists
dl
dd
dt
10.6.4. Nesting Lists
10.7. Presentational Elements
10.7.1. Font Elements
font
basefont
10.7.2. Subscript and Superscript
sub, sup
10.7.3. Line Breaks
br
10.7.4. Word Wrapping
10.7.5. Horizontal Rules
hr
10.8. Character Entity References
11. Creating Links
11.1. Simple Hypertext Links
Reference Section
a
11.1.1. Absolute URLs
11.1.2. Relative URLs
11.1.3. Establishing a base
base
11.2. Linking Within a Document
11.2.1. Naming a Fragment
11.2.2. Linking to a Fragment
11.2.3. Linking to a Fragment in Another Document
11.3. Targeting Windows
11.4. Alternative Protocols
11.4.1. Mail Link (mailto:)
11.4.2. FTP Link (ftp://)
11.4.3. Other Links
11.5. Linking Documents with link
link
12. Images and Objects
12.1. Inline Images
Reference Section
img
12.1.1. Image Formats and Usage
12.1.2. img Element Syntax
12.1.2.1. Default presentation
12.1.2.2. Alternative text
12.1.3. Specifying Width and Height
12.1.4. Deprecated img Attributes
12.1.4.1. Vertical alignment
12.1.4.2. Horizontal alignment
12.1.4.3. Adding space around aligned images
12.1.4.4. Stopping text wrap
12.1.4.5. Borders
12.1.5. Image Loading Techniques
12.1.5.1. Reuse images whenever possible
12.1.5.2. Link to large images
12.2. Image Maps
12.2.1. Creating Image Maps
12.2.1.1. Available tools
12.2.1.2. Creating the map
12.2.2. Client-Side Image Maps
map
area
12.2.2.1. Sample client-side image map
12.2.3. Server-Side Image Maps
12.3. Embedded Media
12.3.1. The object Element
object
param
12.3.1.1. Specifying data and type
12.3.1.2. Specifying an implementation
12.3.1.3. Adding parameters
12.3.1.4. Providing alternate content
12.3.1.5. Cross-browser compatibility
12.3.2. The embed Element
embed
12.3.2.1. noembed
noembed
12.3.2.2. Using embed
12.4. Java Applets
12.4.1. Where to Get Applets
12.4.2. Adding an Applet to a Page
applet
12.4.2.1. Adding applets with applet
12.4.2.2. Adding applets with object
12.5. Inline (Floating) Frames
iframe
13. Tables
13.1. Table Uses
13.1.1. Data Tables
13.1.2. Layout Tables
13.2. Basic Table Structure
13.2.1. Rows and Cells
table
tr
td
13.2.2. Spanning Rows and Columns
13.2.2.1. Column span
13.2.2.2. Row span
13.2.3. Descriptive Elements
13.2.3.1. Table headers
th
13.2.3.2. Captions
caption
13.3. Row Groups
thead, tbody, tfoot
13.4. Columns and Column Groups
col
colgroup
13.5. Table Presentation
13.5.1. Table Cell Spacing
13.5.1.1. Cell spacing
13.5.1.2. Cell padding
13.5.1.3. CSS alternatives
13.5.2. Table and Cell Dimensions
13.5.2.1. CSS alternative
13.5.3. Borders
13.5.3.1. CSS alternative
13.5.4. Cell Content Alignment
13.5.4.1. Horizontal alignment
13.5.4.2. Vertical alignment
13.5.4.3. CSS alternatives
13.5.5. Backgrounds
13.6. Accessible Tables
13.6.1. Table Metadata
13.6.2. Table Headers
13.6.3. Associating Headers with Data
13.6.3.1. Scope
13.6.3.2. ID and headers
13.7. Responsible Layout Tables
13.7.1. Stick to Basic Table Elements
13.7.2. Keep It Simple and Lightweight
13.7.3. Use Style Sheets for Presentation
13.7.4. Check for Linearization
14. Frames
14.1. Introduction to Frames
14.1.1. Advantages
14.1.2. Disadvantages
14.2. Basic Frameset Structure
Reference Section
frameset
Reference Section
frame
14.2.1. Alternate Content
noframes
14.2.2. Establishing Rows and Columns
14.2.2.1. Specifying sizes
14.2.2.2. Combining rows and columns
14.2.3. Nesting Frames
14.3. Frame Function and Appearance
14.3.1. Scrolling
14.3.2. Disabling Resize
14.3.3. Frame Margins
14.3.4. Frame Borders
14.3.4.1. Turning borders on and off
14.3.4.2. Border thickness
14.4. Targeting Frames
14.4.1. The base Element
14.4.2. Reserved Target Names
14.5. Frame Design Tips and Tricks
14.5.1. All-Purpose Pages
14.5.2. External Links
14.5.3. Improving Frame Accessibility
14.5.3.1. Give frames titles
14.5.3.2. Provide complete noframes content
14.5.4. Helping Search Engines
15. Forms
15.1. The Basic Form Element
Reference Section
form
15.1.1. The action Attribute
15.1.2. The method Attribute
15.1.3. Encoding
15.2. Form Controls
15.2.1. Input Controls
input
15.2.1.1. Text entry field
input type="text"
15.2.1.2. Password text entry
input type="password"
15.2.1.3. Hidden entry (type="hidden")
input type="hidden"
15.2.1.4. Checkbox (type="checkbox")
input type="checkbox"
15.2.1.5. Radio button
input type="radio"
15.2.1.6. Submit and reset buttons
input type="submit"
input type="reset"
15.2.1.7. Custom button
input type="button"
15.2.1.8. Image button
input type="image"
15.2.1.9. File selection
input type="file"
15.2.2. Multiline Text Areas
textarea
15.2.3. Creating Menus with the select Element
select
option
optgroup
15.2.3.1. Pull-down menus
15.2.3.2. Scrolling menus
15.2.3.3. Option groups
15.2.4. Buttons
button
15.3. Accessibility Features
15.3.1. Labels
label
15.3.2. fieldset and legend
fieldset
legend
15.3.3. accesskey and tabindex
15.3.4. title Attribute
15.4. disabled and readonly
15.5. Affecting Form Appearance
15.5.1. Styling Form Controls with CSS
15.5.2. Aligning Form Elements
15.5.2.1. Layout tables
15.5.2.2. CSS-only alignment
III. The Presentation Layer: Cascading Style Sheets
16. Cascading Style Sheets Fundamentals
16.1. CSS in a Nutshell
16.2. The Benefits of CSS
16.3. How CSS Works
16.4. Rule Syntax
16.5. Adding Styles to a Document
16.5.1. Inline Styles
16.5.2. Embedded Style Sheets
style
16.5.3. External Style Sheets
16.5.3.1. Style sheet content
16.5.3.2. Using link
16.5.3.3. Importing
16.5.4. CSS for Other Media
16.6. Key Concepts
16.6.1. Document Structure and Inheritance
16.6.1.1. The parent-child relationship
16.6.1.2. Inheritance
16.6.2. Conflicting Style Rules: The Cascade
16.6.2.1. Style sheet origin
16.6.2.2. Selector specificity
16.6.2.3. Rule order
16.6.3. Block and Inline Elements
16.6.4. Introduction to the Box Model
16.7. Specifying Values
16.7.1. Length Units
16.7.2. Specifying Color
16.7.2.1. By name
16.7.2.2. By RGB value
16.7.3. Percentage Values
16.7.4. Keyword Values
16.8. Browser Support
16.9. For Further Reading
16.9.1. Books
16.9.2. Online Resources
16.9.2.1. Inspirational CSS showcase sites
16.9.2.2. Informative personal sites
17. Selectors
17.1. Type (Element) Selector
17.2. Contextual Selectors
17.2.1. Descendant Selector
17.2.2. Child Selector
17.2.3. Adjacent Sibling Selector
17.3. Class and ID Selectors
17.3.1. class Selector
17.3.2. id Selector
17.4. Attribute Selectors
17.5. Pseudoselectors
17.5.1. Pseudoclasses
17.5.1.1. Anchor pseudoclasses
17.5.1.2. Other CSS 2.1 pseudoclasses
17.5.2. Pseudoelements
17.5.3. Selector Summary
18. Font and Text Properties
18.1. Typography on the Web
18.1.1. Font Issues
18.1.2. Type Size Issues
18.1.3. Alternatives to Browser Text
18.1.3.1. Text in graphics
18.1.3.2. Image-replacement techniques
18.1.3.3. sIFR text
18.1.3.4. Embedded fonts
18.2. Font Family
Reference Section
font-family
18.2.1. Generic Font Families
18.2.2. Commonly Available Fonts
18.3. Font Size
Reference Section
font-size
18.3.1. Absolute Versus Relative Sizes
18.3.2. Absolute Size Keywords
18.3.3. Relative Size Keywords
18.3.4. Percentage Measurements
18.3.5. Length Measurements
18.3.5.1. The problem with absolute values
18.3.5.2. The problem with pixels
18.3.5.3. The problem with ems
18.4. Other Font Settings
18.4.1. Font Weight
font-weight
18.4.2. Font Style
font-style
18.4.3. Font Variant
font-variant
18.4.4. Putting It All Together with the font Property
font
18.4.5. Using System Fonts
18.5. Text Transformation (Capitalization)
text-transform
18.6. Text Decoration
text-decoration
18.7. Line Height
Reference Section
line-height
18.7.1. Calculating Line Height
18.8. Text Alignment Properties
18.8.1. Indents
text-indent
18.8.2. Horizontal Alignment
text-align
18.8.3. Vertical Alignment
vertical-align
18.8.3.1. Aligning relative to the baseline
18.8.3.2. Aligning relative to text height
18.8.3.3. Aligning relative to line height
18.8.3.4. Aligning with percentage values
18.9. Text Spacing
18.9.1. Letter Spacing
letter-spacing
18.9.2. Word Spacing
word-spacing
18.9.3. Whitespace
white-space
18.10. Text Direction
direction
unicode-bidi
19. Basic Box Properties
19.1. The Box Model, Revisited
19.1.1. Inline Boxes
19.2. Width and Height
Reference Section
height
Reference Section
width
19.2.1. Maximum and Minimum Heights
max-width, max-height
min-width, min-height
19.3. Margins
Reference Section
margin-top, margin-right, margin-bottom, margin-left
Reference Section
margin
19.3.1. The Shorthand margin Property
19.3.2. Margin Behavior
19.4. Borders
19.4.1. Border Style
border-top-style, border-right-style, border-bottom-style, border-left-style
border-style
19.4.2. Border Width (Thickness)
border-top-width, border-right-width, border-bottom-width, border-left-width
border-width
19.4.3. Border Color
border-top-color, border-right-color, border-bottom-color, border-left-color
border-color
19.4.4. Combining Style, Width, and Color
border-top, border-right, border-bottom, border-left
border
19.5. Padding
padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, padding-left
padding
20. Color and Backgrounds
20.1. Foreground Color
Reference Section
color
20.1.1. Color Values
20.2. Background Color
background-color
20.3. Background Images
Reference Section
background-image
20.3.1. Background Tiling (Repeat)
background-repeat
20.3.2. Background Position
background-position
20.3.2.1. Keyword positioning
20.3.2.2. Length measurements
20.3.2.3. Percentage values
20.3.2.4. Positioning repeating images
20.3.3. Background Attachment
background-attachment
20.3.4. Combining Background Properties
background
21. Floating and Positioning
21.1. Normal Flow
21.2. Floating
Reference Section
float
21.2.1. Floating Basics
21.2.2. Floating Behavior
21.2.3. Negative Margins and Overlap
21.2.4. Clearing
clear
21.3. Positioning Basics
21.3.1. Types of Positioning
position
21.3.2. Containing Blocks
21.3.3. Specifying Position
top, right, bottom, left
21.3.4. Handling Overflow
overflow
21.3.5. Clipping Areas
clip
21.3.6. Visibility
visibility
21.3.7. Stacking Order
z-index
21.4. Absolute Positioning
21.4.1. Absolute Positioning and Containing Blocks
21.4.2. Calculating Position
21.5. Fixed Positioning
21.6. Relative Positioning
22. CSS for Tables
22.1. The Essence of Tables
22.1.1. Rows and Columns
22.1.2. Internal Table Elements
22.1.3. Table Captions
caption-side
22.1.4. Stacking Order
22.2. Styling Tables
22.3. Borders
Reference Section
border-collapse
22.3.1. The Separated Borders Model
border-spacing
empty-cells
22.3.2. The Collapsing Border Model
22.3.2.1. Border pecking order
22.4. Table Layout (Width and Height)
Reference Section
table-layout
22.4.1. Fixed-Width Layout
22.4.2. Automatic Layout
22.5. Table Display Values
Reference Section
display
22.5.1.
22.5.1.1. Anonymous table elements
23. Lists and Generated Content
23.1. CSS for Lists
23.1.1. Choosing a Marker
list-style-type
23.1.2. Marker Position
list-style-position
23.1.3. Make Your Own Bullets
list-style-image
23.1.4. list-style Shorthand Property
list-style
23.1.5. List-item Display
23.2. Generated Content
23.2.1. Inserting Generated Content
content
23.2.2. Quotation Marks
quotes
23.2.3. Automatic Numbering and Counters
counter-reset
counter-increment
24. CSS Techniques
24.1. Centering a Page
24.2. Two-Column Layouts
24.2.1. Using Floats
24.2.2. Using Absolute Positioning
24.2.3. More Two-Column Layouts
24.3. Three-Column Layouts
24.3.1. Floating Three Columns
24.3.2. Absolute Three-Column Positioning
24.3.2.1. Positioning the sidebars
24.3.2.2. Positioning three columns
24.3.2.3. Centering with borders and margins
24.4. Boxes with Rounded Corners
24.4.1. Simple Rounded Box
24.4.2. Fancier Boxes
24.5. Image Replacement
24.5.1. The Original (FIR)
24.5.2. Leahy/Langridge Image Replacement (LIR)
24.5.3. The Rundle/Phark Technique
24.5.4. The Gilder/Levin Method
24.5.5. Which Should You Use?
24.6. CSS Rollovers
24.6.1. Text Rollovers
24.6.2. Image Rollovers
24.6.2.1. Rollovers without preloading
24.7. List-Based Navigation Bars
24.7.1. Inline List Items
24.7.2. Floated List Items
24.7.3. More List and Tabbed Navigation Tutorials
24.8. CSS Techniques Resources
25. Managing Browser Bugs: Workarounds, Hacks, and Filters
25.1. Working with "Troubled" Browsers
25.2. The Browsers
25.2.1. Netscape Navigator 4.x
25.2.2. Internet Explorer 5.x on Windows
25.2.3. Internet Explorer 5.x on Macintosh
25.2.4. Internet Explorer 6
25.2.5. The Mozilla Family (Mozilla, Firefox, and Netscape)
25.2.6. Safari
25.2.7. Opera
25.3. Hack and Workaround Management 101
IV. The Behavioral Layer: JavaScript and the DOM
26. Introduction to JavaScript
26.1. A Little Background
26.2. Using JavaScript
26.2.1. JavaScript Dos and Don'ts
26.2.2. Implementation Methods
26.3. JavaScript Syntax
26.3.1. Statements
26.3.2. Comments
26.3.3. Variables
26.3.4. Data Types
26.3.4.1. Strings
26.3.4.2. Numbers
26.3.4.3. Booleans
26.3.4.4. Arrays
26.3.5. Operators
26.3.5.1. Arithmetic operators
26.3.5.2. Comparison operators
26.3.6. Control Structures
26.3.6.1. Conditional statements
26.3.6.2. Loops
26.3.6.3. switch
26.3.6.4. Functions
26.3.7. Objects
26.4. Event Handling
26.5. The Browser Object
26.6. Where to Learn More
27. DOM Scripting
27.1. A Sordid Past
27.2. Out of the Dark Ages
27.3. The DOM
27.4. Manipulating Documents with the DOM
27.4.1. Finding Your Way Around
27.4.2. Reading and Manipulating Document Structure
27.4.2.1. innerHTML
27.4.2.2. nodeValue
27.4.2.3. getAttribute()/setAttribute( )
27.4.3. Creating Document Structure
27.4.3.1. createElement( )
27.4.3.2. createTextNode( )
27.4.3.3. appendChild( )
27.4.3.4. insertBefore( )
27.4.3.5. replaceChild( )
27.4.3.6. removeChild( )
27.4.3.7. cloneNode( )
27.5. Working with Style
27.5.1. Resources
27.6. DOM Scripting in Action
27.6.1. Example 1: Style Sheet Switcher
27.6.2. Example 2: Page Glossary
27.7. Supplement: Getting Started with Ajax
27.7.1. Example 1: Ajax with innerHTML
27.7.2. Example 2: Ajax with Nodes
27.7.3. Ajax Resources
V. Web Graphics
28. Web Graphics Overview
28.1. Web Graphic File Formats
28.1.1. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
28.1.2. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
28.1.3. PNG (Portable Network Graphic)
28.1.4. Choosing the Right Format
28.2. Image Resolution
28.2.1. Image Size
28.2.2. Good Bye Inches, Hello Pixels
28.3. Color on the Web
28.3.1. RGB Color
28.3.2. Color Depth
28.3.2.1. Truecolor (24- or 32-bit)
28.3.2.2. Highcolor (15- or 16-bit)
28.3.2.3. Indexed color (8-bit)
28.3.3. The Web Palette
28.3.3.1. The web palette growing obsolete
28.3.3.2. The web palette in numbers
28.3.3.3. Designing with the web palette
28.3.4. Gamma (Monitor Brightness)
28.4. Web Graphics Production Tips
28.4.1. Use Web Graphics Tools
28.4.2. Keep File Sizes Small
28.4.3. Work in RGB Mode
28.4.4. Resize Images with Care
28.4.5. Use Anti-Aliased Text
28.4.6. Matching Web Colors
28.4.6.1. Inline and background colors on 16-bit monitors
28.4.6.2. Adjacent GIFs and JPEGs
28.4.7. For Further Reference
29. GIF Format
29.1. 8-Bit Indexed Color
29.2. LZW Compression
29.3. Interlacing
29.4. Transparency
29.4.1. Creating Transparent GIFs
29.4.2. Preventing "Halos"
29.4.2.1. Use aliased edges
29.4.2.2. Use the Matte color tool
29.5. Minimizing GIF File Sizes
29.5.1. Design Strategically
29.5.1.1. Limit dimensions
29.5.1.2. Design with flat color
29.5.2. Use Optimization Tools
29.5.2.1. Reduce the number of colors (bit depth)
29.5.2.2. Limit dithering
29.5.2.3. Play with the "Loss" setting
29.5.2.4. Weighted optimization (Photoshop/ImageReady)
29.5.2.5. Optimize to a File Size function (Photoshop/ImageReady)
29.6. Designing GIFs with the Web Palette
29.6.1. Should You Worry About the Web Palette?
29.6.2. Selecting Web-Safe Colors
29.6.3. Converting to the Web Palette
29.6.4. Web Palette Strategies
29.6.4.1. Flat graphical images
29.6.4.2. Photographic images
29.6.4.3. Combination images (flat and photographic areas)
30. JPEG Format
30.1. 24-Bit Color
30.2. JPEG Compression
30.2.1. Image Loss
30.2.2. Variable Compression Levels
30.2.3. JPEG Decompression
30.3. Progressive JPEGs
30.4. Creating JPEGs
30.5. Minimizing JPEG File Size
30.5.1. Aggressive Compression Ratios
30.5.2. "Optimized" JPEGs
30.5.3. Softening the Image for Better Compression
30.5.4. Weighted Optimization (Photoshop/ImageReady)
30.5.5. Selective Quality (Fireworks)
30.5.6. Optimize to File Size (Photoshop/ImageReady)
31. PNG Format
31.1. When to Use PNGs
31.1.1. Potential GIF Substitute
31.1.2. Not a JPEG Substitute
31.1.3. For Multiple Levels of Transparency
31.2. PNG Features
31.2.1. 8-bit Palette, Grayscale, and Truecolor
31.2.1.1. 8-bit palette images
31.2.1.2. Grayscale
31.2.1.3. Truecolor
31.2.2. PNG Compression
31.2.2.1. Filters
31.2.3. Transparency
31.2.3.1. Alpha channel transparency
31.2.3.2. 8-bit transparency
31.2.4. Progressive Display (Interlacing)
31.2.5. Gamma Correction
31.2.6. Embedded Text
31.3. Platform/Browser Support
31.4. Creating PNG Files
31.4.1. Adobe Photoshop/ImageReady
31.4.1.1. Saving as PNG
31.4.1.2. PNG transparency in Photoshop/ImageReady
31.4.2. Macromedia Fireworks
31.4.2.1. Exporting PNG files
31.4.2.2. PNG transparency in Fireworks
31.5. PNG Optimization Strategies
31.6. For Further Reading
32. Animated GIFs
32.1. How They Work
32.2. Using Animated GIFs
32.3. Tools
32.3.1. Applications That Include GIF Animation Tools
32.3.2. GIF Animation Utilities
32.4. Creating Animated GIFs
32.4.1. Frame Delay
32.4.2. Transparency
32.4.3. Disposal Methods
32.4.4. Color Palette
32.4.5. Other Options
32.4.6. Starting Points
32.5. Optimizing Animated GIFs
32.5.1. Image Compression
32.5.2. Optimizing Methods
VI. Media
33. Audio on the Web
33.1. Basic Digital Audio Concepts
33.2. Using Existing Audio
33.2.1. Copyright Restrictions
33.2.2. Royalty-Free Audio Resources
33.3. Preparing Your Own Audio
33.3.1. Recording
33.3.2. Basic Sound Editing and Effects
33.3.2.1. Cross-platform audio tools
33.3.2.2. Windows audio tools
33.3.2.3. Mac audio tools
33.3.3. Optimizing for the Web
33.4. Streaming Audio
33.4.1. Streaming File Formats
33.4.2. Server Software and Protocols
33.4.3. Pseudostreaming
33.5. Audio Formats
33.5.1. WAV/AIFF (.wav, .aif, .aiff)
33.5.2. MP3 (.mp3)
33.5.2.1. MPEG compression
33.5.2.2. Creating MP3s
33.5.2.3. Serving MP3s
33.5.3. Apple QuickTime Audio (.mov)
33.5.4. MIDI (.mid)
33.5.5. RealMedia/RealAudio (.rm, .ra)
33.5.6. Windows Media (.wma, .asf)
33.5.7. AAC (.m4a, .m4p, .mp4)
33.6. Choosing an Audio Format
33.7. Adding Audio to a Web Page
33.7.1. A Simple Link
33.7.2. Background Sound
33.7.3. Adding RealMedia
33.7.3.1. Linking to RealMedia (external player)
33.7.3.2. Embedding RealPlayer on the page
33.7.4. Adding Windows Media
34. Video on the Web
34.1. Basic Digital Video Concepts
34.2. Compression
34.2.1. Lossless Versus Lossy Compression
34.2.2. Spatial Versus Temporal Compression
34.2.3. Video Codecs
34.3. Video File Formats
34.3.1. Windows Media (.wmv or .asf)
34.3.2. QuickTime Movie (.mov)
34.3.2.1. Streaming
34.3.2.2. Creating QuickTime movies
34.3.2.3. Reference movies
34.3.2.4. For more information
34.3.3. RealMedia (.rm)
34.3.4. AVI (.avi)
34.3.5. MPEG (.mpg or .mpeg)
34.3.6. Which Format to Choose
34.4. Adding Video to an HTML Document
34.4.1. A Simple Link
34.4.2. Streaming Video
34.4.2.1. Windows Media
34.4.2.2. RealMedia
34.4.3. Embedded QuickTime Movies
34.4.3.1. Attributes and parameters
34.4.3.2. Special QuickTime attributes
34.4.4. Embedding Windows Media
34.4.4.1. Browser support
35. The Flash Platform
35.1. Using Flash on Web Pages
35.1.1. Advantages
35.1.2. Disadvantages
35.2. Creating Flash Movies
35.2.1. File Formats
35.2.2. Flash Interface Basics
35.2.3. Optimizing Flash Movies
35.2.4. Configuring the Server
35.3. ActionScript
35.3.1. ActionScript 1.0
35.3.2. ActionScript 2.0
35.4. Adding Flash to a Web Page
35.4.1. Using Flash Publish Settings
35.4.2. Using object and embed
35.4.2.1. The object element
35.4.2.2. The embed element
35.4.2.3. Putting it together for all browsers
35.5. Integrating Flash with Other Technologies
35.5.1. Flash and QuickTime
35.5.2. Flash and Director
35.5.3. Flash and Dreamweaver
35.6. The Flash Player
35.6.1. Flash Player Versions
35.6.2. Flash Power Tools
35.7. Flash Resources
36. Printing from the Web
36.1. Browser Print Mechanisms
36.2. Cascading Style Sheets for Print
36.2.1. Creating the Style Sheets
36.2.2. Targeting Media with Style Sheets
36.2.2.1. Linking to media-dependent style sheets
36.2.2.2. Using two embedded style sheets
36.2.2.3. @import rule
36.2.2.4. @media rule
36.2.3. Considerations for Print Style Sheets
36.2.3.1. Think about content
36.2.3.2. Text and backgrounds
36.2.3.3. Width and margins
36.2.3.4. Handle your hypertext
36.3. Portable Document Format (PDF)
36.3.1. Viewing PDF Files
36.3.2. Creating PDF Files
36.3.2.1. Adobe Acrobat
36.3.2.2. Fast Web view
36.3.2.3. Alternatives to Acrobat
36.3.3. Adding PDF Files to Web Pages
36.3.3.1. Linking to a PDF file
36.3.3.2. Tips for linking to PDF files
36.3.3.3. Embedding a PDF file
36.4. Flash Printing
VII. Appendixes
A. HTML Elements and Attributes
A.1. Common Attributes and Events
a
abbr
acronym
address
applet
area
b
base
basefont
bdo
big
blockquote
body
br
button
caption
center
cite
code
col
colgroup
dd
del
dfn
dir
div
dl
dt
em
embed
fieldset
font
form
frame
frameset
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
head
hr
html
i
iframe
img
input
ins
isindex
kbd
label
legend
li
link
map
menu
meta
noembed
noframes
noscript
object
ol
optgroup
option
p
param
pre
q
s
samp
script
select
small
span
strike
strong
style
sub
sup
table
tbody
td
textarea
tfoot
th
thead
title
tr
tt
u
ul
var
B. CSS 2.1 Properties
B.1. Visual Media
background
background-attachment
background-color
background-image
background-position
background-repeat
border
border-bottom
border-bottom-color
border-bottom-style
border-bottom-width
border-collapse
border-color
border-left
border-left-color
border-left-style
border-left-width
border-right
border-right-color
border-right-style
border-right-width
border-spacing
border-style
border-top
border-top-color
border-top-style
border-top-width
border-width
bottom
caption-side
clear
clip
color
content
counter-increment
counter-reset
cursor
direction
display
empty-cells
float
font
font-family
font-size
font-style
font-variant
font-weight
height
left
letter-spacing
line-height
list-style
list-style-image
list-style-position
list-style-type
margin
margin-bottom
margin-left
margin-right
margin-top
max-height
max-width
min-height
min-width
outline
outline-color
outline-style
outline-width
overflow
padding
padding-bottom
padding-left
padding-right
padding-top
position
quotes
right
table-layout
text-align
text-decoration
text-indent
text-transform
top
unicode-bidi
vertical-align
visibility
white-space
width
word-spacing
z-index
B.2. Paged Media
orphans
page-break-after
page-break-before
page-break-inside
widows
B.3. Aural Styles
azimuth
cue
cue-after
cue-before
elevation
pause
pause-after
pause-before
pitch
pitch-range
play-during
richness
speak
speak-header
speak-numeral
speak-punctuation
speech-rate
stress
voice-family
volume
C. Character Entities
C.1. ASCII Character Set
C.2. Nonstandard Entities (‚-Ÿ)
C.3. Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1)
C.4. Latin Extended-A
C.5. Latin Extended-B
C.6. Spacing Modifier Letters
C.7. Greek
C.8. General Punctuation
C.9. Letter-like Symbols
C.10. Arrows
C.11. Mathematical Operators
C.12. Miscellaneous Technical Symbols
C.13. Geometric Shapes
C.14. Miscellaneous Symbols
D. Specifying Color
D.1. Specifying Color by RGB Values
D.1.1. The Hexadecimal System
D.1.1.1. Converting decimal to hexadecimal
D.1.1.2. Hexadecimal values for web palette colors
D.1.2. RGB Colors in CSS
D.1.3. RGB Colors in HTML
D.2. Specifying Colors by Name
D.2.1. Standard Color Names
D.2.2. CSS Extended Color Names
E. Microformats: Extending (X)HTML
E.1. Extending HTML 4 and XHTML
E.2. Semantic Class Names
E.2.1. Publishing Contact Information with hCard
E.2.2. Publishing Events with hCalendar
E.3. Link Relationships
E.3.1. XHTML Friends Network
E.3.2. Other Link Relationships
E.4. More Microformats
Glossary
About the Author
Colophon
Copyright
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