A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World by Raja -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World Title page Copyright page Notes on Contributors Abbreviations CHAPTER 1: Archaeology of Religion, Material Religion, and the Ancient World

Problems of an Archaeology of Religion Lived Ancient Religion Material Religion Archaeology of the Ancient World The Structure of the Companion Creating Spaces of Experience Designing and Appropriating Sacred Space Sharing Public Space Expressiveness Agents Transformations Conclusion References

PART I: Archaeology of Ritual

CHAPTER 2: The Archaeology of Ancient Sanctuaries

The Foundation and the Communal Context of the Cult Place The Evolution of Cult Places: Equipment, Restorations and Cult Changes The Abandonment and Destruction of Sanctuaries: The End of the Gods Definition and Organization of Cult Places: Architecture, Sculpture, Decoration and Local Myths The Activity of Sanctuaries: Sacrifices, Celebrations and Participation Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 3: Ritual Activities, Processions and Pilgrimages

Introduction The Rites: Taxonomic Procedures Rites, Activity and Embodiment Processions: Definition and Brief History Processions, Archaeology and Embodiment Pilgrimages: Conditions and Categories Archaeological Findings, Embodiment and Ethnographic Comparisons Conclusions and New Perspectives Guide for Further Reading References

CHAPTER 4: Perpetuated Action

Two Memorial Cultures? The Written Speech Act The Speech Act The Pictorial Act Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 5: Public and Private

Inadequacy of the Distinction An Alternative: Domestic Religion The Archaeology of Domestic Religion Private and Public Cursing Where the Public Dimension is Invisible Guide to Further Reading References

PART II: Embodiment

CHAPTER 6: Amulets

Introduction Uninscribed Amulets Inscribed Amulets Embodiment: The Physical Uses of Amulets in Antiquity The Theoretical Foundations of the Use of Amulets in Antiquity The Sociology of Ancient Amulets Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 7: Dress and Ornaments

Introduction Which Clothes? Specialty Garments and the Parthenon Frieze Which Message? Propaganda on the Ara Pacis Augustae Which Actor? Dedications in Terracotta Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 8: Dance

Demarcating the Subject The Sources Performance Spaces Accoutrements Representations An Example: Mantle Dancers Conclusions Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 9: Gendered Agents and Embodied Religious Experience

Finding Women and Their Religious Activities Gendered Activities Beyond (Wo)men Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

PART III: Experiences

CHAPTER 10: Polychromy and Jewish Visual Culture of Roman Antiquity1

Polychromy and the Arch of Titus Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 11: Watching Rituals

Watching the Viewers: A Recent Topic? Watching as a Full Experience: Watching, Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, Touching Watching Images of Rituals Watching as Initiates Not Watching Rituals: Consequences Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 12: Killing and Preparing Animals

Introduction Choosing the Victims Acquisition and Holding of Animals The Killing and Butchering The Deposits Containing Bones: Display, Deposits or Waste Recipients? Relations to the Profane World Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 13: Communal Dining: Making Things Happen

Introduction Unity in Diversity: An Anthropological Perspective Divine Presence? Divine Intervention Building Communities, Creating and Transforming Culture: Feasting in the vicus of Tienen Feasting Remains in the Augusto-Tiberan Ceremonial Enclosure Remains of Feasting in the tumulus of Tienen-Grijpenveld (175–200 CE) Remains of Feasting in the mithraeum Complex (275–300 CE) Concluding Remarks and Challenges for Future Research Further Reading References

CHAPTER 14: WATER

Introduction Purifying the Bodies Washing the Cult Place Spring Sanctuaries A Case Study: The Cult Place of Apollo Moritasgus at Alesia Out of the Sanctuary Further Reading References

CHAPTER 15: Temporary Deprivation: Rules and Meanings

Ordinances Regulating Admission to Sacred Areas in Civic and Private Cults Fasting and Other Forms of Self-Denial Rituals of Admission to Religious Associations (Initiation) The Endangered Body 1: The Symbolic Interpretation of Illness The Endangered Body 2: Cursing Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

PART IV: Creating Spaces of Experiences

CHAPTER 16: At Home

Finding Religion at Home Reading Domestic Space and its Rituals Public Religion and Domestic Ritual Families, Past and Present Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 17: Gardens

Introduction Definitions Rights and Duties Religious Perceptions of Nature Flowers and Trees The Cave of Pan at Vari Caves and Groves in Athens and Rome Lucus of Dea Dia Outside Rome Planting Trees and Bushes in Athens and Gabii Sacred Gardens on the Marble Map of Rome Private Sacred Gardens Gardens in Pompeii Votive Inscriptions in the Parks of the Villas The Sacro-Idyllic Theme Sacro-Idyllic Images The Sacro-Idyllic Atmosphere at Sorrento The Ara Pacis and Virgil’s “Georgics” Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 18: Religion and Tomb

Introduction Greek Burial Rites Etruria: Tombs and Rituals The Roman Empire: Graves and Rituals Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

PART V: Designing and Appropriating Sacred Space

CHAPTER 19: Archaeology of Christian Initiation

Introduction The First Centuries From Exterior to Interior Spaces: Purpose-Built Baptisteries Coordinating Ritual Practices and Physical Spaces Placement and Orientation of Baptistery Chambers Relative to Basilicas Font Depths and Administration of Water Additional Structures and Apparatus The Symbolism of Baptistery Design and Décor Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 20: Oracular Shrines as Places of Religious Experience

Greco-Roman Oracles: The Archaeological Evidence A World Full of Oracles Oracular Shrines within the Greco-Roman System of Divination The Mantic Experience The Plurality of Religious Experience Conclusion: The Real and the Imaginary Revisited Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 21: Buildings of Religious Communities

Introduction Rooms for Mystery Groups and Other Religious Associations of Dionysos The Religious Communities of the Egyptian Gods The Religious Communities of Cybele and Attis The Religious Communities of the Phoenician and Syrian Gods Mithraic Communities Jewish Religious Communities Early Christian Communities Conclusions Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 22: Sanctuaries and Urban Spatial Settings in Roman Imperial Ostia

Introduction The Public of an Audience and as Legal Status Blurred Boundaries Shared Spaces Limiting Visibility, Restricting Accessibility Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

PART VI: Sharing Public Space

CHAPTER 23: Complex Sanctuaries in the Roman Period

Complex Sanctuaries Architectural Definitions Visibility, Access, Layout and Patterns of Worship Complex Sanctuaries and their Multiple Societal Meanings Architecturally Defined Complex Sanctuaries of the Roman Period: The Near Eastern Showcase The (In)visibility of Cults in Architecture: The Cult of the Roman Emperor Use and Perception: The Role and Function of Complex Sanctuaries Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 24: Temples and Temple Interiors

Introduction: A Cross-Cultural Comparison The Different Effects of Images and their Mise-en-scène Spaces and their Structural Determination by Cultural Tradition Social Disposition Greece: Geometric and Archaic Period Classical and Hellenistic Greece Italy and Rome from the Eighth to the First Centuries BCE Italy and Rome: The Empire Late Antiquity and Christianity Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 25: Theater

Introduction: Theater and Cult Athens: The Theater of Dionysus Athens: The City Dionysia Chorus and Chorêgia The Plays The Hellenistic Period Rome and the Roman Empire Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 26: The Archaeology of Processions

The Theoretical Framework The Dialectics of Processions and Space Performative Aesthetics The Relationship Between Staging and Perception Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 27: Urbanization and Memory

Introduction Architecture and Religion: Into History Memory and Religion: The Calendar Festivals and the City: City as Religious Spectacle Priests and the City: Religion and Action Micro-Memories The Changing City: Preservation and Destruction Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

PART VII: Expressiveness

CHAPTER 28: Images

Cultic Images: Ancient Discourse and Modern Notions What Images of the Gods? Cult Statue or Divine Image? What is Idolatry? Ambivalence of Images and Ritual Strategies Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 29: Instruments and Vessels

Introduction Ritual and Sacrifice as Routine Actions Sacrifices on Images Sacrificial and Cultic Utensils and their Uses Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 30: Anatomical ex votos

Introduction Definition Chronology Spatial Distribution Presentation of the Material and Discussion Body Part Votives and their Role in Health Care Systems Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 31: Monumental Inscriptions

Introduction Inscriptions and Comments Conclusion Guide to Further Reading References

PART VIII: Agents

CHAPTER 32: Material Culture and Religious Identity in Late Antiquity

Introduction Beyond “Groupism” and towards a Theory of the “Plural Actor” Religion and its Material Signatures Group Identity and Religious Individuality Religious Identity in Everyday Life Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 33: Individual Choices and Individuality in the Archaeology of Ancient Religion

Individuals in Ancient and Modern Religions The Individual A Conventional History of Individualization The Western Way Problems and Benefits in using Individuality as an Analytical Concept Consequences for Historical Research Religious Individuality in Antiquity Methodical Consequences Guide to Further Reading References

CHAPTER 34: Material Culture and Imagined Communities in the Roman World

Introduction: Ritual, Religious Communities and Material Culture Communities and Religion in the Roman World Material Culture and Imagined Communities Material Culture and Religious Experience: Communion Group Dynamics and the Roman Cults of Isis Guide to Further Reading References

PART IX: Transformations

CHAPTER 35: Ritual Traditions of Non-Mediterranean Europe

Introduction: Written Testimony and its Limitations Small–Scale Societies Structured Deposition Rituals of Death Collective Rituals Sanctuaries Interpretating Late Prehistoric Ritual Guide to Further Reading Acknowledgment References

CHAPTER 36: Tracing Religious Change in Roman Africa

Introduction Old and New Methodological Approaches Sources Re-Interpreting Old Gods Introducing New Gods Guide to Further Reading References

Index

General index Index of Places Names of deities Names of persons

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